The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America

Hollowell, Joseph G.; Haddow, James E.

doi:10.1017/s1368980007360862

Cited by 53 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…It was 36 for nonpregnant women, 28-38 for pregnant women, 49-60 for women after delivery, 32 for newborns, and 21 for infants. These results are similar to others found in iodine-deficient areas (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Three of the newborns were with very low birth weight (<1500 g), and 14 low birth weight (<2500 g); 3 were macrosomic (>4000 g), and 29 were admitted to the Neonatology Unit (for prematurity, low birth weight, sepsis, or hyperbilirubinemia), where 1 died. Table 3 presents the median UI for women and babies and milk iodine, as well as the percentage of individuals within the iodine classes as defined by the WHO (1)(2)(3)11,12). Figure 1 depicts the cumulative percentage of women taking into consideration the cutoff of iodine sufficiency for the pregnant population (>150 mg=L) and for the nonpregnant population (>100 mg=L) (1)(2)(3)11,12).…”

Section: Demographic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 3 presents the median UI for women and babies and milk iodine, as well as the percentage of individuals within the iodine classes as defined by the WHO (1)(2)(3)11,12). Figure 1 depicts the cumulative percentage of women taking into consideration the cutoff of iodine sufficiency for the pregnant population (>150 mg=L) and for the nonpregnant population (>100 mg=L) (1)(2)(3)11,12). Nonpregnant women had a median UI of 75 mg=L, which is below the median of 100 mg=L expected for the general population in an iodine-sufficient population (1-3,11-13).…”

Section: Demographic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine Status of Pregnant Women and Their Progeny in the Minho Region of Portugal

Costeira

Oliveira

Segura

et al. 2009

Thyroid

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Background: Iodine sufficiency is particularly necessary throughout pregnancy, given its recognized impact on psychomotor performance of the offspring. There are no recent reports about iodine status or supplementation in Portugal, a country that the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders considered, in 2004, to have probably reached iodine sufficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate in the Minho region of Portugal the iodine status of women throughout pregnancy and after delivery, and of their offspring. Methods: Urinary iodine concentration (UI) was determined in 78 nonpregnant premenopausal women, in 140 pregnant women in the three trimesters of pregnancy and after delivery, and in their 142 offspring. Milk iodine concentration was determined at day 3 and 3 months after delivery. The thyroid volume was determined in women in the third trimester of pregnancy and 3 months after delivery and in infants at 3 months of age. Results: Based on the World Health Organization criteria, both nonpregnant and pregnant women had iodine deficiency (ID), as documented by median UI of <75 mg=L and milk iodine concentration of <100 mg=L. Goiter was observed in 14% of the pregnant women. Concordant with the mother's ID, median neonatal UI was low (71 and 97 mg=L at 3 days and 3 months of age). Conclusion: Portuguese women of the Minho region have an inadequate iodine intake, which may compromise the potential for full psychomotor development of their progeny. These observations suggest that iodine supplementation should be implemented throughout pregnancy and lactation in Portugal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Demographic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Demographic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine Status of Pregnant Women and Their Progeny in the Minho Region of Portugal

Costeira

Oliveira

Segura

et al. 2009

Thyroid

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“…Nevertheless, iodine nutrition has to be monitored constantly; otherwise iodine intake could rapidly and significantly decrease. For example, in the USA, where adequate iodine intake has been reported for many years, a significant decrease in median UIC was noticed from one survey in 1971-1974 to another in 1988-1994 (31) . However, the study based on the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed a higher median UIC in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women of childbearing age, 166 mg/l v. 123 mg/l, and 9 % of women had UIC below 50 mg/l.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine and iron status of pregnant women in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

Habimana

Twite

Wallemacq

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Adequate iodine and Fe intakes are imperative during pregnancy to prevent fetal defects, but such data are not available in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We aimed to assess iodine and Fe status in pregnant women from Lubumbashi. Design: Cross-sectional study. We measured urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in random urine samples using a modified Sandell-Kolthoff digestion method; the WHO reference medians were used to classify iodine intake as deficient, adequate, more than adequate or excessive. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured by immunoenzymatic assay and considered insufficient when ,12 ng/ml. Setting: Maternity units from rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. Subjects: Two hundred and twenty-five randomly selected pregnant women attending prenatal consultation, seventy-five postpartum women and seventy-five non-pregnant women as controls. Results: Overall median UIC in pregnant women was 138 (interquartile range: 105-172) mg/l, indicating iodine deficiency, whereas postpartum and nonpregnant women had adequate iodine intake: median UIC 5 144 mg/l and 204 mg/l, respectively. Median UIC values were lower in late pregnancy than in early pregnancy: in the first, second and third trimester respectively 255 mg/l, 70 mg/l and 88 mg/l in the rural area; 306 mg/l, 166 mg/l and 68 mg/l in the semi-urban area; and 203 mg/l, 174 mg/l and 99 mg/l in the urban area. Fe was insufficient in 39 % of pregnant women compared with 21 % of non-pregnant and postpartum women. In the third trimester, deficiencies in both iodine and Fe were high: 40 %, 12 % and 18 % in the rural, semi-urban and urban areas, respectively. Conclusions: Our data suggest that pregnant women are at risk of iodine and Fe deficiencies in Lubumbashi. Country policies fighting against iodine and Fe deficiencies during pregnancy should be reinforced.

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“…The 2001-2002 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) results suggest that iodine nutrition has stabilized, [2] but levels are barely above the recommendation for the average which means that a significant number of people remain at risk. Women of childbearing age and pregnant women are widely accepted as high-risk groups for inadequate iodine intake, but there is valid concern that additional high-risk groups remain [3, 4]. Three cases of iodine deficiency as a result of restrictive diets in children have been reported in the literature [5–7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goiter and Multiple Food Allergies

Leniszewski

Mauseth

2009

International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology

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Severe iodine deficiency results in impaired thyroid hormone synthesis and thyroid enlargement. In the United States, adequate iodine intake is a concern for women of childbearing age and pregnant women. Beyond this high risk group iodine deficiency is not considered to be a significant problem. This case report describes a 12-year-old male with severe iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) resulting from restricted dietary intake due to multiple food allergies. We describe iodine replacement for this patient and continued monitoring for iodine sufficiency. Children with multiple food allergies, in particular those with restrictions to iodized salt and seafood, should be considered high risk for severe iodine deficiency.

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The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America

Cited by 53 publications

References 36 publications

Iodine Status of Pregnant Women and Their Progeny in the Minho Region of Portugal

Iodine Status of Pregnant Women and Their Progeny in the Minho Region of Portugal

Iodine and iron status of pregnant women in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

Goiter and Multiple Food Allergies

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