What is the evidence for non-sexual transmission of gonorrhoea in children after the neonatal period? A systematic review

A microbiological study of neonatal conjunctivitis in two hospitals in Tehran, Iran

“…Chlamydia trachomatis ( C. trachomatis) and Neisseria gonorrhoea (N. gonorrhoea) are the two well described agents associated with ophthalmia neonatorum, and are known to be associated with systemic complications and severe visual loss [7][8][9] . High-quality antenatal care in the West and the use of intrapartum antibiotics to treat a positive high-vaginal swab has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of gonococcal conjunctivitis [3] .…”

Gonococcus – The culprit of refractory, severe conjunctivitis in an elderly patient

“…A systematic review analysing the evidence for non-sexual transmission of gonorrhoea in children reports sources of infection including communal baths, towels, rectal thermometers and caregiver hands [6]. Indeed, there is some case report level evidence to suggest that N. gonorrhoeae may be acquired from contaminated toilet seats [7].…”

Perfil clínico-epidemiológico das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis em crianças atendidas em um centro de referência na cidade de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

“…With the exception of perinatal infections, a diagnosis of gonorrhea in children is highly suggestive of sexual abuse, since there are no convincing data on any nonsexual forms of transmission. 8,18,19 With respect to the non-gonococcal infections found in this group, the possibility of Chlamydia trachomatis infection was considered. Data in the literature based on children who have suffered sexual abuse refer to the presence of this pathogen in around 3.3% of generally asymptomatic children.…”