What Is Life: An Informational Model of the Living Structures

Info-activity of the immune system from the perspective of the informational model of the human body and living structures

“…A unit can be combined only with T and C only with G in DNA, or A only with U in RNA and C only with G. Such informational activities in the cells for info-structuration of the organism, together with the info-communication processes between the distinct various constituents of the organism, with various distinct functions, allow the structuration of the entire body and its functionality and functions, shown at the macro level. What it is remarkable to note, is that the typical informational activities and functions at the cellular level are similar with the functions at the macro level of the organism as a whole, as it was recently revealed [11,12], showing the basic informational common structure not only from the low to higher scale of complexity of the living organisms, starting from the single prokaryotic/eukaryotic cell to multicellular organisms, but also on the entire evolutionary scale, independently on their structural architecture and behavior. This show the essential contribution of information in the structuration and functionality of the living systems, on the entire evolutionary and complexity/organization scale.…”

“…If in the large sense, communication is a frequently used concept in our informational era, largely open to connections between various worldwide sources of information, geographically speaking by using various typestelevision/radio/press, smartphones, laptops/computers and all other large diversity of informational devices which make our life better and comfortable, communication between various constituents of an organism, in particular of the human body, is a little bit more difficult to be understood. And not only communication, which involves an informational/codification source -in accordance with the transmission mode, a transmission channel of the signals and a reception/decoding terminal of information (as defined by the information theory, for the first time developed and applied to the electronically systems [39]), but also the acquirement and release of information by structuration/destructuration mechanisms [10][11][12], as it will be briefly presented below, as a preamble of the assessment/investigation of the immune system from the informational perspective.…”

“…Information is an active factor everywhere in nature [1] and in our daily activities in industry, medicine, management [2][3][4] and in mass-media communications {5], but little is known about information in the human body and living structures [6]. Fundamental advances however have been reported in the recent years on this issue, precisely for a better understanding of the essential contribution of information in the structuration and functionality of the human body [7,8] and living structures [9][10][11][12]. Such advances firmly trace a new way/direction of investigation, which allows the deeper view of the communication phenomena/mechanisms and their essential importance/contribution in the structuration and functionality of the living organisms, highlighting the relationship between the body and mind [13,14], with all its favorable consequences on the problems dealt with related sciences, namely philosophy [15][16], psychology [17][18][19][20], neurosciences/neurology [21][22][23][24], geriatrics and gerontology [25][26][27], up to therapeutic rehabilitation treatments [28], information and info-modeling in plants [29,30] and animals [31], in biomedical engineering [32,33], biotechnology [34][35][36] and biometrics on COVID 19 control [37,38].…”

“…Therefore, this system must to receive special attention concerning especially the functionality and coordination between its components. For this, in this paper it is investigated the activity of the immune system within the frame of the informational model of the human body (IMHB) recently developed [10], extended to the living structures, in particular to the eukaryotic cell [11,12], arguing and demonstrating that this activity can be fully understood by using informational concepts concerning the matter-related information by means of interactions between the micro-material components of the body, which are in a permanent dynamic process of info-communication. Within such a process, a special attention is dedicated to the compatibility between the communicating partners, and to the right interpretation of the communication message, for an efficient and right/correct communication, indispensable for the correct functioning of the cells and organism, and especially relevant in the case of the immunity system.…”

Entropy Perspectives of Molecular and Evolutionary Biology

“…Then, information-based models of organisms propose that evolution is associated to increased organism diversity and entropy of ecosystems [37][38][39], higher entropy production [40,41] and, often, that entropy production would be maximized in fully evolved enzymes [42]. In contrast to barely quantifiable qualities (like order and complexity) in molecular and cell biology, others as information, and entropy, quantifiable and statically based, must be analysed, and distinguished [43]. In this line, several alternative models support the trend to lower rates of the production of entropy by organisms during evolution [33,[44][45][46][47][48].…”