What Is Learning Anyway? A Topographical Perspective Considered

Multidimensional Investigation of Deep and Surface Processing

“…Recently, Alexander, Schallert, and Reynolds (2009) processing. There is also evidence of these effects with respect to metacognitive monitoring (Dinsmore, Loughlin, Parkinson, & Alexander, 2009) as well as their knowledge, interests, and beliefs (Buehl, Alexander, Murphy, & Sperl, 2001;Murphy, Long, Holleran, & Esterly, 2003).…”

“…In addition, there has been little consideration of the when (i.e., changes associated with maturation and experience; Alexander et al, 2009). A typical example of an investigation of deep and surface processing has been to correlate a self-report measure (typically approaches to learning) to one"s performance in a particular class (e.g., Phan, 2009;Thomas & Gadbois, 2007).…”

“…A typical example of an investigation of deep and surface processing has been to correlate a self-report measure (typically approaches to learning) to one"s performance in a particular class (e.g., Phan, 2009;Thomas & Gadbois, 2007). In effect, this has restricted the range of personal characteristics, or as Alexander et al (2009) called it, the who (e.g., knowledge, interest, or beliefs) that may be present. Given that individuals have been taking the same class, it can be assumed that they were somewhat more homogenous than even a random university sample on many variables.…”

“…To further complexify matters, Alexander et al (2009) contended that the who, where, and when are likely to interact with their fourth proposed dimension of learning, the what (i.e., the target of learning). The links between the process (i.e., levels of processing) and product (i.e., the outcome) have also been relatively constrained.…”

Reflexively stumbling towards sustainability : understanding social learning in regional governance networks

“…A quite general definition of learning is 'change in behaviour' (including conscious thought), or a change in practical activity (Friedman, 1987;De Houwer et al, 2013, p.631). Leaning can be understood as 'the process of using a prior interpretation to construe a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of one's experience as a guide for future action' (Alexander et al, 2009), which is mostly induced by an disorienting dilemma (Mezirow and associates, 2000). This definition can be applied on both an individual and social level.…”