What is clay? A new definition of “clay” based on plasticity and its impact on the most widespread soil classification systems

Moreno-Maroto, José Manuel; Alonso-Azcárate, Jacinto

doi:10.1016/j.clay.2018.04.011

Cited by 80 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The Plastic index (PI) is also used as an indicator of the degree of cohesiveness of soil, with a high value of PI indicating a high degree of cohesion. The results in Table 5 suggest that the soil samples are highly plastic and further evidence of the relationship is reported in the literature [6,7,16,44]. The liquid limits and plasticity index of the studied soils are both greater than the values recommended by ERA [45], which is suggests that the liquid limit should be less than or equal to 30% and the plasticity index should be less than or equal to 10% for suitable materials for subgrade.…”

Section: Atterberg Limitssupporting

confidence: 67%

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Engineering Characterization of Subgrade Soils of Jimma Town, Ethiopia, for Roadway Design

2020

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Soils are naturally occurring materials that carry loads of civil engineering structures including roads and buildings. However, not all natural soils are suitable for such uses due to limited strength and instability under varying environmental conditions. A lack of adequate geotechnical investigations and soil characterization can result in the over-design of foundations, unexpected excavations to remove unsuitable soils, cost overruns, construction delays; and, contract disputes. In this research, an experimental plan was executed to determine the engineering properties of subgrade soil in Jimma Town in southwestern Ethiopia by using both disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The plan included tests to determine the moisture content, specific gravity, grain-size analysis, Atterberg limits, compaction-density relationship, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compression strength, and triaxial shear strength. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was also conducted to determine the chemical composition of the soil. The soil characterization indicated that soft clay is the predominant subgrade soil type and that it has a very low load-bearing capacity, high plasticity, low strength and, high compressibility, which makes the soil unsuitable to serve as a highway subgrade without the help of soil improvement techniques.

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Section: Atterberg Limitssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Table 2. Major d-spacings for some minerals that occur in soils, listed for each mineral in the commonly observed order of decreasing X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) peak intensity (Source [44]).…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Characterization of Subgrade Soils of Jimma Town, Ethiopia, for Roadway Design

2020

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“…The PI/LL ratio is highly correlated with toughness (kJ m –3 ), which represents the ability of clay to be deformed (Moreno-Maroto & Alonso-Azcárate, 2018). Toughness refers to the work per unit volume required to cause deformation on the sample when it is rolled (Barnes, 2009, 2013a, 2013b; Moreno-Maroto & Alonso-Azcárate, 2018). According to their maximum toughness ( T max ) values, samples can be divided into two groups (Barnes, 2009, 2013a, 2013b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical study of clays from Dobrodo, Serbia, for use in ceramics

et al. 2019

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This study focuses on the mineralogical characterization of four raw clay samples from Dobrodo deposit, Serbia. Several analytical methods were applied to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition, morphology and physical properties (colour, plasticity, specific surface area, particle size and cation-exchange capacity) of the clay samples. Kaolinite, smectite and illite are the predominant phases in all of the samples studied that contain between 60.2 and 87.1 wt.% of clay. Quartz, feldspars, paragonite and Ti- and Fe-bearing phases were also identified. The relatively high SiO2/Al2O3 mass ratio indicates abundant quartz. The cation-exchange capacity of the samples varied between low and moderately charged clay minerals (12–52 mmol 100 g–1) with specific surface area values ranging from 94 to 410 m2 g–1. The plasticity index values (11–23%) suggest low to moderate plasticity. Preliminary results show that most of the raw clay from Dobrodo deposit might be suitable for use in ceramic applications.

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“…Table 1 shows the results of the plastic limit (PL) and liquid limit (LL) of the raw materials. Moreno-Maroto et al [28] classified clay by PI/LL. e PI/LL value of dredged soil was 0.43 and the value of 0.22 for the sample with 50% coal bottom ash.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e PI/LL value of dredged soil was 0.43 and the value of 0.22 for the sample with 50% coal bottom ash. According to Moreno-Maroto and Alonso-Azcárate [28] classification, dredged soil is classified as silty clay or sandy clay depending on the content of sand, and it is a region where the formation is sufficient.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bloating Mechanism of Lightweight Aggregates due to Ramping Rate

Lee

Wie

et al. 2019

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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The purpose of this study was to improve the recycling rate of industrial wastes by investigating the bloating mechanism of artificial lightweight aggregate depending on the ramping rate and time, which is a dynamic parameter in the production of artificial lightweight aggregate. In this study, coal bottom ash and dredged soil at a weight ratio of 1 : 1 from a domestic power plant were used as raw materials. The artificial lightweight aggregates were formed by using an extruder and pelletizer (φ = 10 mm) and sintered by rapid sintering, 2-step firing, and normal sintering method. The physical properties of the aggregates such as bulk density, water absorption ratio, and microstructure of cross section are investigated with the sintering time and temperature. As the result of bloating and trapping mechanism, black core could be inhibited as the firing time increased at the temperature before surface formation. As a result of firing schedule graphs using least square method, it was possible to manufacture artificial lightweight aggregate with micropores, specific gravity of 1.1, and absorption rate of 3% at a heating rate of 27°c/min or less.

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What is clay? A new definition of “clay” based on plasticity and its impact on the most widespread soil classification systems

Cited by 80 publications

References 27 publications

Engineering Characterization of Subgrade Soils of Jimma Town, Ethiopia, for Roadway Design

Engineering Characterization of Subgrade Soils of Jimma Town, Ethiopia, for Roadway Design

Mineralogical study of clays from Dobrodo, Serbia, for use in ceramics

Bloating Mechanism of Lightweight Aggregates due to Ramping Rate

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