What drives the success of reforestation projects in tropical developing countries? The case of the Philippines

Le, Hai Dinh; Smith, C. S.; Herbohn, John

doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.09.010

Cited by 100 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…On the one hand, PES schemes are reported to enable investors and practitioners to face high up-front capital needs and labor costs associated with tree plantations [19]. On the other hand, these schemes are assumed to provide farmers with technical assistance and economic incentives, which guarantee local participation in reforestation activities over time [20] and orient farmers' behavior towards forest restoration [19]. Besides, it is contended that PES will also be a critical new source of funding generated by public and private demand for ecosystem services [21] so as to financially support restoration activities [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do PES Improve the Governance of Forest Restoration?

Pirard

Buren

Lapeyre

2014

Forests

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Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are praised as innovative policy instruments and they influence the governance of forest restoration efforts in two major ways. The first is the establishment of multi-stakeholder agencies as intermediary bodies between funders and planters to manage the funds and to distribute incentives to planters. The second implication is that specific contracts assign objectives to land users in the form of conditions for payments that are believed to increase the chances for sustained impacts on the ground. These implications are important in the assessment of the potential of PES to operate as new and effective funding schemes for forest restoration. They are analyzed by looking at two prominent payments for watershed service programs in IndonesiaCidanau (Banten province in Java) and West Lombok (Eastern Indonesia)-with combined economic and political science approaches. We derive lessons for the governance of funding efforts (e.g., multi-stakeholder agencies are not a guarantee of success; mixed results are obtained from a reliance on mandatory funding with ad hoc regulations, as opposed to voluntary contributions by the service beneficiary) and for the governance of financial expenditure (e.g., absolute need for evaluation procedures for the internal governance of farmer groups). Furthermore, we observe that these governance features provide no guarantee that restoration plots with the highest relevance for ecosystem services are targeted by the PES. OPEN ACCESSForests 2014, 5 405

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do PES Improve the Governance of Forest Restoration?

Pirard

Buren

Lapeyre

2014

Forests

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“…Restoration is not a new practice in tropical regions with some countries such as the Philippines commencing reforestation efforts early in the last century, not long after the increasing trend of deforestation and forest degradation in the region (de Jong, 2010;Le et al, 2014). According to forest transition theory, the history of tropical forest restoration occurred as the consequence of three major drivers (Lamb, 2010;Meyfroidt and Lambin, 2011;Rudel et al, 2005): (i) the scarcity of forest products, mainly woods and foods, owing to the preceding deforestation; (ii) ecological crisis due to increasing catastrophic events such as floods, fires, land denudation and soil erosion; and (iii) change in social lifestyle from an agriculture-based society into urban society as a result of urbanisation, leading to agricultural abandonment.…”

Section: Reversing Deforestation Through Restorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Restoration developed with specific strategies could also enhance ecosystem provisioning services to support livelihoods while improving soil condition and water retention (Cao et al, 2009;Le et al, 2014;Poffenberger, 2006;Soejono et al, 2013). An example from the Philippines shows that restoration using an agroforestry approach, such as in the form of fruit tree orchards and timber trees intercropped with annual crops, increases food security up to 14 times (Le et al, 2014).…”

Section: The Benefits Of Restorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An example from the Philippines shows that restoration using an agroforestry approach, such as in the form of fruit tree orchards and timber trees intercropped with annual crops, increases food security up to 14 times (Le et al, 2014). A well-known large-scale restoration program in Shinyanga, Tanzania demonstrates that restored lands provide an important source of fodder production for livestock during the dry season, hence securing protein sources for local communities (Monela et al, 2005).…”

Section: The Benefits Of Restorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A well-known large-scale restoration program in Shinyanga, Tanzania demonstrates that restored lands provide an important source of fodder production for livestock during the dry season, hence securing protein sources for local communities (Monela et al, 2005). Reforestation projects also create jobs and generate incomes for villagers, which in turn could be used to purchase foods, providing a safety net when crops fail or local food supply is limited (Le et al, 2014;Monela et al, 2005;Nawir et al, 2007b). …”

Section: The Benefits Of Restorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Restoration planning of degraded tropical forests for biodiversity and ecosystem services

Budiharta¹

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Forest restoration has the potential to mitigate the impact of deforestation and forest degradation.Various global policies have been sought to put restoration into the mainstream agenda including under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the program for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). The Aichi Target of the CBD set a target for at least 15% of degraded ecosystems to be restored by 2020 for key goals including biodiversity conservation, carbon enhancement and the provision of livelihoods. A theoretical framework to underpin decisionmaking for landscape-scale restoration has been slow to emerge, resulting in a limited contribution from science towards achieving such policy targets. My thesis develops decision frameworks to guide the restoration of degraded tropical forests to enhance biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services. In this thesis, three critical questions on how to make better decisions for landscape-scale restoration are addressed by: (a) considering landscape heterogeneity in terms of degradation condition, restoration action and cost, and temporally-explicit restoration benefits; (b) leveraging restoration within competing land uses using emerging policy for offsetting; and (c) enhancing feasibility by accounting for the social and political dimensions related to restoration.I use Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) as a case study area, as it represents a region that is globally important in terms of biodiversity and carbon storage. Kalimantan's forests also provide essential livelihoods for local people. Yet, rapid deforestation and forest degradation threaten the forests in this region. Chapter 2 verifies that forest loss and degradation is the most significant threat to biodiversity in Kalimantan, impacting more than 80% of threatened animal species and 60% of threatened plant species. The future of Kalimantan's wildlife depends on the survival of species in human-modified landscapes including in restored forest.Quantifying carbon benefit in a policy, such as forest restoration under the REDD+, requires a standardised tool, which has not been available for data-poor regions including Kalimantan. In Chapter 3, I examine a process-based model, called 3-PG (physiological principles for predicting growth), to estimate the above-ground biomass (AGB) content of the major forest types occurring on the island of Borneo. Using readily available climate and soil data, the results indicate the 3-PG model accurately predicts AGB compared with field-measured data, revealing the potential application of this model for carbon sequestration analyses. The datasets along with a set of parameters used in this chapter are employed in the subsequent chapters.Degraded tropical forests are characterised by a broad spectrum of forest condition states, mainly as a result of varying intensities of logging and fire. In Chapter 4, I develop a new framework to ii optimally allocate restoration investments to forests of varying condition, with two contrasting o...

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Translating Research into Wildlife Conservation Actions Through Multi-sector Collaboration in Tropical Asia

Horgan

Kudavidanage

2021

Wildlife Research Monographs

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What drives the success of reforestation projects in tropical developing countries? The case of the Philippines

Cited by 100 publications

References 21 publications

Do PES Improve the Governance of Forest Restoration?

Do PES Improve the Governance of Forest Restoration?

Restoration planning of degraded tropical forests for biodiversity and ecosystem services

Translating Research into Wildlife Conservation Actions Through Multi-sector Collaboration in Tropical Asia

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