What do we know about exposure of Iranians to cadmium? Findings from a systematic review

Ghoochani, Mahboobeh; Rastkari, Noushin; Yunesian, Masud; Nabizadeh, Ramin; Mesdaghinia, Alireza; Houshiarrad, Anahita; Shamsipour, Mansour; Dehghani, Mohammad Hadi

doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0863-8

Cited by 34 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Monitoring cadmium exposure in the Iranian population indicated that cadmium contamination occurred in food groups, such as rice, cereals, legumes, and vegetables. Specifically, 75% of the consumed rice samples showed cadmium concentrations higher than the maximum cadmium limit (0.06 mg⸱kg −1 ) allowed by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI) [ 51 ]. In addition, canned fish (mean: 0.032 μg·g −1 ) and tuna (mean: 0.022 μg·g −1 ) samples showed high cadmium concentrations (ISIRI: 0.05 mg⸱kg −1 ) [ 52 , 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of Environmental Chemicals in the Korean Population—Results of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 3, 2015–2017

Jung

Choi

Kim

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) program provides useful information on chemical exposure, serves as the basis for environmental health policies, and suggests appropriate measures to protect public health. Initiated on a three-year cycle in 2009, it reports the concentrations of major environmental chemicals among the representative Korean population. KoNEHS Cycle 3 introduced children and adolescents into the analysis, where the blood and urine samples of 6167 participants were measured for major metals, phthalates, phenolics, and other organic compounds. Lead, mercury, cadmium, metabolites of DEHP and DnBP, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid levels of the Korean adult population tended to decrease compared to previous survey cycles but remained higher than those observed in the US or Canada. Both bisphenol A (BPA) and trans,trans-muconic acid concentrations have increased over time. Heavy metal concentrations (blood lead, and cadmium) in children and adolescents were approximately half that of adults, while some organic substances (e.g., phthalates and BPA) were high. BPA showed higher levels than in the US or Canada, whereas BPF and BPS showed lower detection rates in this cycle; however, as these are increasingly used as a substitute for BPA, further research is necessary. As environmental chemicals may affect childhood health and development, additional analyses should assess exposure sources and routes through continuous observations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of Environmental Chemicals in the Korean Population—Results of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 3, 2015–2017

Jung

Choi

Kim

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Cadmium has no biological function in plant growth but is readily accumulated in all plants and edible parts of crops through the metabolic pathway of essential nutrients for the plants, such as Zn and Fe. Thus, by entering human beings' and animals' food chains, it may cause a wide variety of acute and toxic effects [144].…”

Section: Phytoremediation Nanoparticles and Microbial Fermentation Against Cadmium Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity

Genchi

Sinicropi

Lauria

et al. 2020

IJERPH

1,462

602

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Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential transition metal that poses a health risk for both humans and animals. It is naturally occurring in the environment as a pollutant that is derived from agricultural and industrial sources. Exposure to cadmium primarily occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food and water and, to a significant extent, through inhalation and cigarette smoking. Cadmium accumulates in plants and animals with a long half-life of about 25–30 years. Epidemiological data suggest that occupational and environmental cadmium exposure may be related to various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, and kidney cancers. It has been also demonstrated that environmental cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis. The liver and kidneys are extremely sensitive to cadmium’s toxic effects. This may be due to the ability of these tissues to synthesize metallothioneins (MT), which are Cd-inducible proteins that protect the cell by tightly binding the toxic cadmium ions. The oxidative stress induced by this xenobiotic may be one of the mechanisms responsible for several liver and kidney diseases. Mitochondria damage is highly plausible given that these organelles play a crucial role in the formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and are known to be among the key intracellular targets for cadmium. When mitochondria become dysfunctional after exposure to Cd, they produce less energy (ATP) and more ROS. Recent studies show that cadmium induces various epigenetic changes in mammalian cells, both in vivo and in vitro, causing pathogenic risks and the development of various types of cancers. The epigenetics present themselves as chemical modifications of DNA and histones that alter the chromatin without changing the sequence of the DNA nucleotide. DNA methyltransferase, histone acetyltransferase, histone deacetylase and histone methyltransferase, and micro RNA are involved in the epigenetic changes. Recently, investigations of the capability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) to remove cadmium from polluted soil and water have been carried out. Moreover, nanoparticles of TiO2 and Al2O3 have been used to efficiently remove cadmium from wastewater and soil. Finally, microbial fermentation has been studied as a promising method for removing cadmium from food. This review provides an update on the effects of Cd exposure on human health, focusing on the cellular and molecular alterations involved.

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“…In present study, BUN and Scr were used to evaluate the glomerular function and β 2 -MG to assess the renal tubular damage (24). Elevated BUN indicates substantial renal lesions (25) (such as glomerulonephritis).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of sub-chronic, low-dose cadmium exposure on kidney damage and potential mechanisms

et al. 2019

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Background: The present study was to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the sub-chronic low-dose cadmium (Cd) exposure induced renal injury in rats.Methods: Totally 40 male adult SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, low-dose Cd group (1 mg/kg CdCl 2 ), moderate-dose Cd group (2.5 mg/kg) and high-dose Cd group (5 mg/kg).Results: From the 3 rd week, the body weight of rats in moderate-dose and high-dose declined significantly as compared to the control group (P<0.05); the liver to body weight ratio increased, the volumes of 24-hour urine and drinking-water decreased markedly (P<0.05), the BUN, SCr and β 2 -MG increased significantly, but the Fe 2+ concentration decreased markedly as compared to the control group (P<0.05); the serum MDA and SOD 1 content contents increased, but the serum SOD 2 and CAT contents decreased significantly in Cd-treated groups (P<0.05); Renal injury deteriorated with the increase in Cd dose; swelling glomeruli showed stenotic renal-tubules, and epithelial-cell-necrosis, shedding and accumulation in the lumen, massive infiltrated inflammatory cells and interstitial hyperaemia were observed; The mitochondria in renal-tubularepithelial-cells displayed swelling, deformation and vacuolation; the renal ROS content increased in Cdexposure-groups; the renal SOD 1 expression increased but the expression of SOD 2 and CAT decreased (P<0.05). The Bcl-2 expression decreased, but Bax expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased significantly in a Cd-dose dependent manner.Conclusions: Cd may cause renal injury in a dose dependent manner, which may be ascribed to the disordered Fe 2+ absorption, redox imbalance and apoptosis in the kidney.

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What do we know about exposure of Iranians to cadmium? Findings from a systematic review

Cited by 34 publications

References 54 publications

Profile of Environmental Chemicals in the Korean Population—Results of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 3, 2015–2017

Profile of Environmental Chemicals in the Korean Population—Results of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 3, 2015–2017

The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity

Effects of sub-chronic, low-dose cadmium exposure on kidney damage and potential mechanisms

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