“…In this paper, we -a group of visualization and creativity researchers who have been involved with every CVO workshop reported in the literature -reflect on our collective experience and offer guidance about how and why to use CVO workshops in applied visualization. More specifically, this paper results from a 2-year international collaboration in which we applied a methodology of critically reflective practice [7] to perform meta-analysis of our collective experience and research outputs from conducting 17 workshops in 10 visualization contexts [16,18,17,34,35,42,64,68,69,88], combined with a review of the workshop literature from the domains of design [3,14,38,72], software engineering [27,31,32,33,47,48,50], and creative problem-solving [13,19,21,59,66]. This paper's primary contribution is a framework for CVO workshops.…”