What Counselors Must Know About the Social Sciences of Black Americans

School Counselors' Perceptions of Training Needs in Multicultural Counseling

“…Atkinson, Morten, and Sue (1983);Hendersen (1979); LeVine and Padilla (1980); Marsella and Pedersen (1981); Pedersen et al (1981); Sue (1981); Smith (1973); and Vacc and Wittmer (1980) were particularly fruitful sources of information. Several journal articles were also helpful (Arredondo-Dowd & Gonsalves, 1980;Casas, Ponterotto, & Gutierrez, 1986;Copeland, 1982;Harper, 1973;Hulnick, 1977;Ibrahim & Arredondo, 1986;Margolis & Rungta, 1986;Parker, Bingham, & Fukuyama, 1985;Parker & McDavis, 1979;Parker et al, 1986;Pedersen, 1977Pedersen, , 1978Pedersen, , 1987Sue, 1978;Sue et al, 1982;Sue & Sue, 1977;Sue & Zane, 1987;Vontress, 1971). More than 120 training objectives were written.…”

Helping Reluctant Black Males: An Affirmation Approach

“…Even though it is highly unlikely that counselors can encounter people without forming impressions, the effective, culturally skilled counselor must be knowledgeable about cultural and class factors and be able to relate appropriately to minority experiences (D.W. Sue, 1981a). Harper (1973) contended that to be effective with Black clients, counselors need to use techniques that bring the client to a level of awareness and action. Even though directive, confrontive, and persuasive approaches to counseling were recommended by Harper as being more compatible with Black culture than facilitative approaches to counseling, Larrabee's ( 1982) description of affirmation techniques provides a relatively new perspective on the concept of counselor directiveness that seems appropriate to consider when working with Black clientele.…”

Forty Years of Using Labels to Communicate About Nontraditional Students: Does It Help or Hurt?

“…African Americans have a rich tradition in America, but they have neither another language nor a collective memory of themselves as inhabitants of other lands. Their ample contributions to, and involvement with, the national life have been noted by Harper (1973) and Griffith (1978), and they seem to represent an investment in the national culture.…”