What are the risk factors for injuries and injury prevention strategies for skiers and snowboarders in terrain parks and half-pipes? A systematic review

Audet, Olivier; Hagel, Brent; Nettel-Aguirre, Alberto; Mitra, Tatum; Emery, Carolyn A.; Macpherson, Alison; Lavoie, Marie Denise; Goulet, Claude

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099166

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…A high vertical drop usually results in high speed, which could cause high kinetic energy, thus severe injuries. A recent systematic review demonstrated that large drops to the ground have higher injury odds and rates, and are risk factors for severe ski injuries [37]. The results of the current study combined with the literature suggest that choosing a proper skiing behaviour based on the physical fitness and skill level might be essential to prevent severe injuries for men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Sex differences in the knee orthopaedic injury patterns among recreational alpine skiers

Shi

Jiang

Ren

et al. 2020

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background Although studies have reported the sex differences in injury patterns among recreational skiers, the findings are still conflicting. This study aims to analyse the sex differences of orthopaedic knee injuries that occurred during alpine skiing. Methods A total of 306 recreational alpine skiers (125 females and 181 males) who sustained knee surgeries between June 2016 and December 2018 participated in this study. Age, height, weight, and physical activity level of the patients were recorded. The orthopaedic knee injury patterns were analysed based on the diagnosis given by the physicians. Results Male skiers (17.13%) had a higher proportion of multiple knee ligament injuries than females (6.40%). The combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament injury were the most common injury types in both females and males, with ACL injury being more prevalent for females (79.20%) than that in males (56.35%). The proportion of female skiers (17.6%) with vigorous-intensity activity level was significantly lower than that of males (30.9%). Female skiers had lower body height, body weight, and body mass index than male skiers (P < 0.001). Conclusions ACL injury is the most common orthopaedic injury among both female and male knee-injured recreational skiers. The proportion of females with an ACL injury is higher than that of males, but the proportion of multiple knee ligament injuries is lower than that of males. More male recreational skiers have vigorous-intensity activity level habits in daily life than females.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Sex differences in the knee orthopaedic injury patterns among recreational alpine skiers

Shi

Jiang

Ren

et al. 2020

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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“…Terrain park injuries have been previously described as being more severe, mainly due to falls after aerial manoeuvres. [33][34][35] Collisions with objects and other persons were responsible for half of all traumatic deaths in a 10-year analysis conducted on Austrian ski slopes. 1 The paradox of protective gear, like helmets, seemingly increasing injury rates has been addressed before.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in snowboarding accidents in Austria: a 2005–2018 registry analysis

et al. 2021

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ObjectivesTo elucidate gender differences in snowboarding accidents.DesignRetrospective registry analysis within the Austrian National Registry of Mountain Accidents.SettingSnowboard-related emergencies between November 2005 and October 2018.ParticipantsAll injured snowboarders with documented injury severity and gender (3536 men; 2155 women).Primary and secondary outcome measuresGender-specific analysis of emergency characteristics and injury patterns.ResultsOver time, the number of mild, severe and fatal injuries per season decreased in men but not in women. Accidents most frequently were interindividual collisions (>80%) and occurred when heading downhill on a slope. Men more often suffered injuries to the shoulder (15.1% vs 9.2%) and chest (6.8% vs 4.4%), were involved in accidents caused by falling (12.9% vs 9.6%) or obstacle impact (4.3% vs 1.5%), while on slopes with higher difficulty levels (red: 42.6% vs 39.9%; black: 4.2% vs 2.5%), while snowboarding in a park (4.8% vs 2.1%) and under the influence of alcohol (1.6% vs 0.5%). Women more often sustained injuries to the back (10.2% vs 13.1%) and pelvis (2.9% vs 4.2%), on easier slopes (blue: 46.1% vs 52.4%) and while standing or sitting (11.0% vs 15.8%). Mild injuries were more frequent in women (48.6% vs 56.4%), severe and fatal injuries in men (36.0% vs 29.7% and 0.9% vs 0.4%). Male gender, age and the use of a helmet were risk factors for the combined outcome of severe or fatal injuries (OR (99% CI): 1.22 (1.00 to 1.48), 1.02 (1.02 to 1.03) and 1.31 (1.05 to 1.63)). When wearing a helmet, the relative risk (RR) for severe injuries increased while that for mild injuries decreased in male snowboarders only (RR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.09 to 1.34) and 0.88 (0.83 to 0.95)).ConclusionsSnowboard injuries are proportionally increasing in women and the observed injury patterns and emergency characteristics differ substantially from those of men. Further gender-specific research in snowboard-related injuries should be encouraged.Trial registration numberNCT03755050.

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“…Based on this theoretical foundation, [22][23][24] Petrone et al 25 constructed TP jump features to test the feasibility of controlling landing impact. Audet et al 9 recommended that an engineering approach considering TP design and management might help prevent injuries and that future research should focus on how to design and maintain a safer environment. Further studies are needed to verify whether an engineering approach to TP jump feature's design can contribute to reducing the incidence of catastrophic spinal injury.…”

Section: Severity Of Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Increasing media coverage of snowboarding events and competitions, such as the World Cup, Olympics and Winter X games, may have affected the way in which recreational snowboarders perform, prompting them to attempt to emulate professionals. 9 The spinal region is one of the most common injured body parts for critical injury among snowboarders [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and traumatic paraplegia may result in permanent disability. 10 11 It has been reported that spinal injuries to the thoracolumbar region are most likely to be associated with jumping.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of recreational snowboarding-related spinal injuries over an 11-year period at a ski resort in Niigata, Japan

Hosaka

Arai

Otsuka

et al. 2020

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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BackgroundThere is limited knowledge regarding the incidence of recreational snowboarding-related spinal injuries.ObjectiveThis study investigated the incidence and characteristics of recent recreational snowboarding-related spinal injuries and discussed possible preventive measures to reduce the risk of spinal injuries.MethodsThis descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the incidence and characteristics of snowboarding-related spinal injuries at the Myoko ski resort in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, between 2006 and 2017. The incidence of spinal injuries was calculated as the total number of spinal injuries divided by the number of snowboarding visitors, which was estimated based on the ticket sales and estimates regarding the ratio of the number of skiers to the number of snowboarders reported by seven skiing facilities.ResultsIn total, 124 (72.5%) males and 47 (27.5%) females suffered spinal injuries. The incidence of spinal injuries was 5.1 (95% CI 4.4 to 5.9) per 100 000 snowboarder visitors. Jumps at terrain parks were the most common factor in 113 (66.1%) spinal injuries, regardless of skill level (29/49 beginners, 78/112 intermediates, 6/10 experts). Overall, 11 (including 9 Frankel A) of 14 (78.6%) cases with residual neurologic deficits were involved with jumps.ConclusionsIn recreational snowboarding, jumping is one of the main causes for serious spinal injuries, regardless of skill level. The incidence of spinal injuries has not decreased over time. Individual efforts and educational interventions thus far have proven insufficient to reduce the incidence of spinal injury. Ski resorts and the ski industry should focus on designing fail-safe jump features to minimise the risk of serious spinal injury.

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What are the risk factors for injuries and injury prevention strategies for skiers and snowboarders in terrain parks and half-pipes? A systematic review

Abstract: CRD42016045206.

Cited by 14 publications

References 59 publications

Sex differences in the knee orthopaedic injury patterns among recreational alpine skiers

Sex differences in the knee orthopaedic injury patterns among recreational alpine skiers

Gender differences in snowboarding accidents in Austria: a 2005–2018 registry analysis

Incidence of recreational snowboarding-related spinal injuries over an 11-year period at a ski resort in Niigata, Japan

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