Incidence of recreational snowboarding-related spinal injuries over an 11-year period at a ski resort in Niigata, Japan

Hosaka, Noboru; Arai, Kohei; Otsuka, Hiroshi; Kishimoto, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000742

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The spinous process fractures predicted at the impacted sites in this study also showed a good agreement with the previously postulated mechanism. Indeed, vertebral compression fractures constituted the majority (73.0–78.4%) of snowboarding‐related thoracolumbar fractures, 29,30 which were, however, not seen in the current back‐to‐snow impact simulations. One reason might be that the body rotational velocity and back‐to‐snow tangential impact velocity were not accounted for in the FE simulations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The normalized ROM exceeded the injury threshold (100%) at the impacted FSUs or adjacent FSUs in impacts with the rigid bump surface: T8‐T9 with the impact at T8, T12‐L1 with the impact at T12 and L2. Inherently, T12‐L1 had been already demonstrated as one of the most vulnerable spinal segments during snowboarding crashes 29 . In contrast, the normalized ROM was always below the injury threshold in impacts to the hard or soft snow, indicating less likely SPIs of excessive flexion‐extension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Biomechanical evaluation of Back injuries during typical snowboarding backward falls

Wei

Evin

Bailly

et al. 2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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To prevent spinal and back injuries in snowboarding, back protector devices (BPDs) have been increasingly used. The biomechanical knowledge for the BPD design and evaluation remains to be explored in snowboarding accident conditions. This study aims to evaluate back-to-snow impact conditions and the associated back injury mechanisms in typical snowboarding backward falls. A previously validated snowboarder multi-body model was first used to evaluate the impact zones on the back and the corresponding impact velocities in a total of 324 snowboarding backward falls. The biomechanical responses during back-tosnow impacts were then evaluated by applying the back-to-snow impact velocity to a full human body finite element model to fall on the snow ground of three levels of stiffness (soft, hard, and icy snow). The mean values of back-to-snow normal and tangential impact velocities were 2.4 m/s and 7.3 m/s with maximum values up to 4.8 m/s and 18.5 m/s. The lower spine had the highest normal impact velocity during snowboarding backward falls. The thoracic spine was found more likely to exceed the limits of flexion-extension range of motions than the lumbar spine during back-to-snow impacts, indicating a higher injury risk. On the hard and icy snow, rib cage and vertebral fractures were predicted at the costal cartilage and the posterior elements of the vertebrae. Despite the possible back injuries, the back-to-snow impact force was always lower than the force thresholds of the current BPD testing standard. The current work provides additional biomechanical knowledge for the future design of back protections for snowboarders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Biomechanical evaluation of Back injuries during typical snowboarding backward falls

Wei

Evin

Bailly

et al. 2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Incredibly, at the first Winter Youth Olympic Games more than a third of all snowboard half-pipe and slope-style competitors were injured [18]. Epidemiological research [19,20,21] continues to show that injuries on terrain park jumps are more likely and more severe than on normal slopes. Audet et.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hosaka et. al [21] concludes that jumping is a main cause for serious spinal injuries, regardless of skill level, and suggests that, because spinal injuries incidence have not decreased over time, the ski industry should focus on designing fail-safe jump features to minimize risks of serious spinal injuries.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety-Conscious Design of Terrain Park Jumps: Ethical Issues and Online Software

Moore¹,

Cloud²,

Hubbard³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Most American snowsport resorts now have terrain parks and decades-long epidemiological evidence correlates terrain park use with injuries. Engineering design of jumps could reduce injuries by limiting equivalent fall heights (EFHs), which indicate dissipated landing impact energy. No evidence refutes making terrain park jumps safer in this way. We discuss case studies illustrating that large EFHs are significant factors in traumatic injuries on terrain park jumps. Standards and design tools for builders can make jumps safer. We introduce a tool that can evaluate existing jumps as well as design jump profiles with safer equivalent EFHs to reduce injuries.

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“…Other studies have attempted to provide estimates of AVFs for skiing and snowboarding, but these studies have consisted of single institutions with limited time periods. 6 , 12 , 27 There has yet to be a comprehensive national evaluation of AVFs associated with skiing and snowboarding in the United States. A better understanding of the epidemiology and characteristics of this particular injury pattern may allow for improved strategies to mitigate the prevalence of AVFs in the greater than 9 million skiers and snowboarders in the United States.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Vertebral Fractures in Skiing and Snowboarding: A 20-Year Sex-Specific Analysis of National Injury Data

Huffman

Jia

Pirruccio

et al. 2022

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: The epidemiology of acute vertebral fractures (AVFs) sustained while skiing and snowboarding remains poorly defined in the United States. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences across sex and a greater number of AVFs in younger age groups associated with skiing and snowboarding. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: The authors utilized the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System to identify patients who were reported in emergency departments in the United States from 2000 to 2019. All patients were noted to have sustained AVFs during skiing or snowboarding. National estimates and demographic analysis were performed. Results: A total of 466 AVFs were identified, or roughly 23.3 AVFs per year. Compared with women, men accounted for the majority of AVFs sustained in both skiing and snowboarding: 67.8% (95% CI, 62.6%-73.0%) during skiing and 82.1% (95% CI, 76.3%-87.8%) during snowboarding. This represented a significantly larger percentage of AVFs while snowboarding compared with skiing ( P = .002). Women accounted for 32.2% (95% CI, 27.0%-37.4%) of AVFs while skiing and 17.9% (95% CI, 12.2%-23.7%) while snowboarding, which indicated a significantly larger percentage of AVFs sustained during skiing compared with snowboarding ( P = .002). Snowboarders were more likely than skiers to sustain an AVF in the region of the coccyx (21.5% [95% CI, 14.3%-28.7%] vs 11.5% [95% CI, 3.5%-16.9%], respectively; P = .003) and as a result of a fall at ground level (69.2% [95% CI, 62.1%-76.4%] vs 52.8% [95% CI, 43.2%-62.4%], respectively; P = .009). A significant decrease in the number of snowboarding-related AVFs was identified over the 20-year study period: 899 in 2000-2003 versus 283 in 2016-2019 ( P < .01). The change in skiing-related AVFs over the study period was not statistically significant (694 vs 462; P = .5). Conclusion: This national study of AVFs sustained while skiing and snowboarding identified critical sex- and age-specific differences in the population at risk, anatomic location of injury, and mechanism of injury. The national data generated from this study over a 20-year period may be utilized to better inform public health injury awareness and prevention initiatives in the rapidly growing sports of skiing and snowboarding.

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Incidence of recreational snowboarding-related spinal injuries over an 11-year period at a ski resort in Niigata, Japan

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Biomechanical evaluation of Back injuries during typical snowboarding backward falls

Biomechanical evaluation of Back injuries during typical snowboarding backward falls

Safety-Conscious Design of Terrain Park Jumps: Ethical Issues and Online Software

Acute Vertebral Fractures in Skiing and Snowboarding: A 20-Year Sex-Specific Analysis of National Injury Data

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