What are the possible reasons for urethral PSA varieties after radical prostatectomy?

Pejcic, T.; Hadži-Djokić, Jovan; Marković, Biljana; Lalić, N.; Glisic, B.

doi:10.2298/aci1002031p

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The hope that uPSA will become a marker of the early recurrence after RP, was closed when Iwakiri et al 64 demonstrated that PSA was normally present in urine in all patients after RP and that it originated from the urethral glands 64 . In some studies, it has been found that men with alopecia had higher values of urethral PSA after RP 65 .…”

Section: Determination Of Psa In the Urine In The Diagnosis Of Bphmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate-specific antigen

et al. 2015

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Androgens and prostate functionTestosterone (T) and 5α-dihidrotestosterone (DHT) play a crucial role in the fetal prostate development. These androgens stimulate mesenchyme, while mesenchyme induces the proliferation of the epithelial buds from the urogenital sinus. This process, called "mesenchyme-epithelial interaction", starts in the 10th gestational week and continues in the adult age 1, 2 . Testosterone induces the development of the seminal vesicles and Wolffian ducts, while DHT induces the development of the prostate, penis and scrotum.Prostatic tissue is composed of stroma and epithelium. Prostatic stroma is composed of stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial capillary cells, lymph vessels and smooth muscle cells), neuroendocrine (NE) cells, neural cell axons, intercellular liquid and collagen fibers 3 . Prostatic epithelium is composed of secretory, basal, intermediary and NE cells. Secretory cells synthesize and secrete various proteins, like prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), androgen receptor (AR) and make the greatest part of the prostatic epithelium. It is believed that NE cells induce growth, differentiation, and secretory functions of the prostatic epithelium 4 .Numerous factors regulate prostatic growth: endocrine, neuroendocrine, paracrine, or growth factors (GF), autocrine and intracrine factors. However, the action of the endocrine factors is the best known. Testosterone is the most important serum androgen in the male, with the average serum concentration of 611 ± 186 ng/dL, while the average DHT serum concentration is 56 ± 20 ng/dL. However, the average concentration of active, free T is only 12.1 ± 3.7 ng/dL, while the rest is bound to the globulins and albumins. The major androgen in the prostatic tissue is DHT, with the average tissue concentration of 2.4-5.1 ng/g. The average tissue concentration of T is 3-5 times lower and measures 0.9 ng/g 5-7 .Only free T molecules can enter the prostatic cell, by diffusion. In the cytosol, one part of T molecules transforms into DHT. Both T and DHT bind to AR and form androgen-AR complexes. Subsequently, those complexes make pairs, entering the nucleus and bind to androgen-responsive elements (ARE) on DNA. After the information was transcripted from DNA to mRNA, mRNA leaves the nucleus and comes on ribosomes, where the information is translated into protein. Enzyme 5-alpha reductase (5αR) performs the conversion of T to DHT. There are two isoforms of 5αR: type 5αR-2 is dominant in the prostatic stroma and accessory genital tissues. Type 5αR-1 is present in the skin and prostate epithelium. Benign prostate hyperplasiaBenign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) denotes progressive prostatic enlargement, associated with the symptoms of impaired emptying of the urinary bladder and followed with gradual progression of the symptoms and complications. The most common BPH-related complications are chronic urinary infection, urinary bladder stones, chronic and acute urinary retention. The prevalence of BPH is very high: BPH is the fourth...

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Section: Determination Of Psa In the Urine In The Diagnosis Of Bphmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate-specific antigen

et al. 2015

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“…The most important enzyme in the semen fluid, PSA, exerts its physiological function only in the vagina, where it cleaves the proteins of the seminal coagulum and thus enables the active mobility of the sperms. PSA molecules constantly leak from the prostatic acini in the urethra, wherefrom they are flushed during the urination act [16,17,18].…”

Section: Prostate and Prostate Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Polyphenols as Potential Agents in Prevention and Therapy of Prostate Diseases

et al. 2019

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In recent years, the progress of science and medicine greatly has influenced human life span and health. However, lifestyle habits, like physical activity, smoking cessation, moderate alcohol consumption, diet, and maintaining a normal body weight represent measures that greatly reduce the risk of various diseases. The type of diet is very important for disease development. Numerous epidemiological clinical data confirm that longevity is linked to predominantly plant-based diets and it is related to a long life; whereas the western diet, rich in red meat and fats, increases the risk of oxidative stress and thus the risk of developing various diseases and pre-aging. This review is focused on the bioavailability of polyphenols and the use of polyphenols for the prevention of prostate diseases. Special focus in this paper is placed on the isoflavonoids and flavan-3-ols, subgroups of polyphenols, and their protective effects against the development of prostate diseases.

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“…P rostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a kallikrein-like serine protease produced by the epithelial cells of the prostate and male urethra 1,2 . The serum levels of PSA may be elevated in the presence of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostatitis and other non-malignant con-ditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The analysis of some factors that influence on serum PSA level in localized prostate cancer patients: Mathematical model

et al. 2011

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What are the possible reasons for urethral PSA varieties after radical prostatectomy?

Abstract: The patients with higher urPSA have higher AGA scores and higher postoperative PSA. This phenomenon is probably the consequence of higher local dihydrotestosterone activity in the scalp and PSA-secreting urethral glands.

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate-specific antigen

Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate-specific antigen

The Polyphenols as Potential Agents in Prevention and Therapy of Prostate Diseases

The analysis of some factors that influence on serum PSA level in localized prostate cancer patients: Mathematical model

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