What are the drivers of recurrent cholera transmission in Nigeria? Evidence from a scoping review

Elimian, Kelly Osezele; Mezue, Somto; Musah, Anwar; Oyebanji, Oyeronke; Fall, Ibrahima Socé; Yennan, Sebastian; Yao, Michel K.; Abok, Patrick; Williams, Nanpring; Omar, Lynda Haj; Balde, Thieno; Ampah, Kobina Assan; Okudo, Ifeanyi; Ibrahim, Luka; Jinadu, Arisekola; Alemu, Wondimagegnehu; Peter, Clement; Ihekweazu, Chikwe

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08521-y

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…This multiplication of feces is a danger to households because liquids containing pathogens can seep into wells used for family water supply [20] [26]. Consumption of this water causes not only waterborne diseases but also cholera [27].…”

Section: Management Of Sanitation Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appraisal of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Populations on Cholera in Benin

Akpo¹,

Dougnon²,

Klotoé³

et al. 2021

OJAppS

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Cholera is a disease that Benin has been fighting against for years but which continues to create economic losses for households. The aim of this study is to assess the level of knowledge of the population about this disease and to assess hygiene practices in order to identify the factors responsible for its sustainability. The data were collected through a survey of 720 households in the 12 departments of the country. These data were analyzed with SAS software and three groups of people were identified on the basis of hygiene measures. The majority of respondents know cholera. The main symptoms they mentioned were vomiting (84.83%) and diarrhea (81.04%). Diarrhea was more reported in group 3 (88.96%) than in groups 1 (86.58%) and 2 (83.19%). Low levels of hygiene were the main cause of this disease. In the absence of toilets, the interviewees pass stool in the bush and at the edge of water sources used in households. Some of them have bins (in particular group 1) for household waste but do not subscribe to refuse collection structures. Therefore, they throw garbage in sometimes unofficial landfills. Others, on the other hand, have not garbage cans (mainly group 2) and they empty garbage everywhere (street, gutters and bushes). In addition, hand washing is hardly ever done after using the toilet. Hygiene practices in some households are insufficient, which does not protect the population from cholera.

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Section: Management Of Sanitation Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appraisal of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Populations on Cholera in Benin

Akpo¹,

Dougnon²,

Klotoé³

et al. 2021

OJAppS

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“…While substantial progress has been made towards cholera control in the SDG era, a combination of climate change, natural and man-made disasters, and rapid unplanned urbanisation continue to support transmission 7 . The WHO's Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC), revitalised in 2014, is a network of more than 50 partners with this global mandate 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the factors enabling and blocking sustained implementation of cholera interventions in a fragile region of Nigeria: a multi-phase group model building study protocol

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Adamawa and Bauchi are cholera endemic states in the north-east region of Nigeria, each with local government areas classified as cholera hotspots. Ineffective implementation of multi-sectoral cholera interventions in both states could make obtaining the global target for cholera control in Nigeria out of reach. A major contributing factor to this challenge is fragility of the region due to persistent Boko Haram insurgency activities, often characterised by the destruction of health infrastruture and displacement of communities to areas with suboptimal living conditions. Given the complexity of disease control in such a fragile setting, this study aims to systematically examine the barriers and/or facilitators influencing the implementation of existing cholera interventions in these states. Methods: The study will use a systems dynamic approach. First, we will conduct a health facility survey to determine the current health system capacity to support multi-sectoral cholera interventions, and conduct key informant interviews with purposely selected state and national cholera stakeholders to identify the context-specific facilitators and barriers to the implementation of cholera interventions in these states. We will then conduct nine group model building workshops (four in both the Adamawa and Bauchi states and one in Abuja) among cholera stakeholders similar to those recruited for the interviews. Conclusion: By engaging diverse and relevant cholera stakeholders, including community members, this study has the potential to provide a rich understanding of context-specific factors influencing the implementation of multi-sectoral cholera interventions in a fragile region of Nigeria, with a view to achieve sustainable progress towards cholera control in the country. Moreover, this study could have an impact on the control of other water-borne diarrheagenic diseases in the country.

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“…Currently, armed conflict and terrorism in northeast Nigeria have created enabling conditions for cholera transmission such as overcrowded living conditions due to population displacement; disruption of water and sanitation services; and destruction of basic amenities, including health infrastructure (Denue et al 2018;Elimian et al 2020). In February 2019, there were approximately 1.95 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Borno State, where more than half of United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF) documented IDP camps did not meet Sphere Standards for water quantity (57%) and sanitation access (58%) (SI and Alima 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In February 2019, there were approximately 1.95 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Borno State, where more than half of United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF) documented IDP camps did not meet Sphere Standards for water quantity (57%) and sanitation access (58%) (SI and Alima 2019). Furthermore, cholera cases in Nigeria have been documented to increase during the rainy season due to worsened sanitary conditions during flooding (Elimian et al 2020). In 2018, the Nigerian government published a Public Health Advisory with five measures to prevent cholera transmission: boil and safely store drinking water, regularly wash hands with soap or hand sanitizer, consume well-cooked food, avoid open defecation, and visit a health-care facility in case of sudden watery diarrhea (Ihekweazu 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of monitoring tools for WASH response in a cholera outbreak in northeast Nigeria

Ricau

Lacan

Ihemezue

et al. 2021

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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Monitoring water, sanitation, and hygiene programs in cholera outbreaks is critical to improve humanitarian response. The objective of this research was to evaluate, and improve, WASH in cholera monitoring tools currently used in northeast Nigeria. We collected 723 forms from 2019 from three form types, combined them into one database of 980 activities, and stratified data by form type, response, implementing organization, activity, month/day, and geographical area. We conducted seven key informant interviews (KIIs) with monitoring tool users and decision-makers. Data irregularities (including in design, collection, and entry) led to an inability to meaningfully analyze monitoring forms. In KIIs, eight themes emerged: ease of use of current tools, improvement in monitoring over time, lack of access to data, need for training, inconsistent reporting practices, need for modification of current questions, need for the addition of new questions, and connectivity issues. Although informants reported monitoring helped organizations identify gaps during the response, the scarcity and inconsistency of the reported data make it difficult to draw any conclusions about program effectiveness, accountability in humanitarian response, or to make recommendations for improving programming. To improve monitoring, we recommend refining data collection by increasing the quantity of data reported, data consistency, and data relevancy.

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What are the drivers of recurrent cholera transmission in Nigeria? Evidence from a scoping review

Cited by 21 publications

References 53 publications

Appraisal of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Populations on Cholera in Benin

Appraisal of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Populations on Cholera in Benin

Understanding the factors enabling and blocking sustained implementation of cholera interventions in a fragile region of Nigeria: a multi-phase group model building study protocol

Evaluation of monitoring tools for WASH response in a cholera outbreak in northeast Nigeria

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