What are eight popular masculinity-related instruments measuring? Underlying dimensions and their relations to sociosexuality.

Abstract

Researchers have raised questions concerning the validity of masculinity-related measures in relation to existing masculine gender role theory. The current study adds to the existing knowledge concerning masculine gender role-related measures by examining 8 masculinityrelated instruments representing 3 broad constructs: masculinity ideology, masculine role conflict, and gender role ideology. Four distinct dimensions, accounting for 67% of the total variance, were revealed in a sample of 162 college men. Results of multiple regression analyses predicting sociosexuality from participants' scores on the 4 faclorially derived masculinity dimensions offered some preliminary convergent validity evidence for the 4 dimensions. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed, and directions for future masculinity research are offered. Following in the footsteps of feminist research on women, psychological researchers have taken an interest in the study of masculinity and men's gender roles, culminating in the recent formation of the American Psychological Association's Division 51 (Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity). Whereas early research attempted to identify masculine personality traits and their correlates, more recent research efforts have centered on dimensions of masculine gender role socialization, including attitudes about and internalization of societal prescriptions for masculinity. Within this paradigm, a variety of theories and conceptual schemes have been reviewed extensively (see Good, Wallace, & Borst, 1994;Levant, 1996), as have operational!zations of masculine gender role variables (Thompson, Pleck, & Ferrera, 1992). However, concerns have been raised (e.g., Betz, 1995) regarding the relations among com-

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Sexual Strategies Theory: Built for the Short Term or the Long Term?

“…Evidence suggests that specific definitions of masculinity vary across cultures (Hofstede 1998;Williams and Best 1990), but masculinity typically focuses on procreation, as well as providing for one's kin/clan and protecting one's kin/clan (Gilmore 1990). A handful of studies have positioned masculinity as an ideological belief system (for overview, see Smiler 2004) and have demonstrated that greater support for masculine beliefs is related to greater numbers of desired and reported sexual partners (Pleck et al 1993(Pleck et al , 1994Smiler 2008;Walker et al 2000). Women's possession of instrumental (or "masculine") traits is also related to greater levels of sexual activity (Lucke 1998).…”

Prejudicial Expressions in Defense of Adolescent Masculine Identities in Interaction

“…The analytical approach to the boys' masculine identity constructions parallels that of other language-based studies of masculinities (e.g., Coates, 2003;Edley & Wetherell, 1997). In contradistinction to traditional male role theory that considers masculinity as an internal essence that is accrued in development, (e.g., Pleck, 1981;Walker, Tokar, & Fischer, 2000), these studies point to the multiplicity of masculinities (even in a constricted interactional timeframe), their exquisite contextual sensitivity, and the resourcefulness of the participants in shaping masculine identities that tread the fine line between complying with and resisting hegemonic masculinity (Bamberg, 2004a;Connell, 1995). Hegemonic masculinity is defined as the assumed, unmarked form of masculinity that prevails in a culture that is all the more potent in its influences because it goes unnoticed as a master narrative or dominant discourse.…”