What are biomarkers?

Strimbu, Kyle; Tavel, Jorge A.

doi:10.1097/coh.0b013e32833ed177

Cited by 1,670 publications

(1,055 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Biomarkers ( Figure 1C), a portmanteau of "biological markers" (123), has been defined as a substance or process that can be objectively and reproducibly measured as an indicator of either normal biological or pathological processes that influence or predict outcomes (124). In the acute care setting, these tend to be routinely collected laboratory tests (125), or organ specific tests for diagnostic and prognostic reasons (e.g.…”

Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frailty Assessment in Acute Care

2015

The Gerontologist

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IntroductionFor some people, ageing is associated with the experience of increased co-morbidity, functional impairment, poor resilience and heightened vulnerability to external stressors, resulting in reduced lifespan as well as health-span. This frailty phenomenon poses challenges to health care systems in the form of increased patient complexity and resource utilisation. The acute care setting, characterised by time-pressure and high patient turn-over, is under strain and struggles to recognise and subsequently reliably intervene, to prevent, reverse or halt the decline of this vulnerable cohort. MethodsThis mixed-methods study probes existing evidence and 'real-world' processes with a systematic review of frailty assessments developed or validated in the acute care setting and a survey of contemporaneous clinical practice in London Acute Medical Units. Content validation and understanding of contextual factors for ideal frailty assessment in acute care is explored using Delphi consensus and Focus Group methodology respectively. The resultant model is developed on existing retrospective national Hospital Episode Statistics data, and prospectively tested on observational data in a local Acute Medical Unit setting. ResultsExisting frailty scores are preponderantly biophysical in nature, and have poor predictive power for adverse outcomes in the acute care setting. In clinical practice, single-dimension assessment tools predominate. Frailty syndromes and previous high resource utilisation in the form of a simple, clinically relevant tool useful to the multidisciplinary team gain consensus as optimal assessment for the setting. Retrospective testing of the frailty model displays moderate predictive powers for adverse events (inpatient mortality, emergency readmission and institutionalisation) and prospective testing provides concurrent (Frailty Index, Age, Co-Morbidity) and comparative predictive validity (Frailty Index, Co-Morbidity, 2 admission National Early Warning Score) with existing risk stratification models in this setting. ConclusionsA risk prediction model based on frailty syndromes and previous high resource utilisation is a valid, feasible and useful for the acute care setting.

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Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frailty Assessment in Acute Care

2015

The Gerontologist

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“…Biomarkers can assist clinicians in making a reliable diagnosis and can be used as a clinical endpoint surrogate in clinical trials. For both applications it is critical that the correlation between disease and biomarker is well characterized and validated [213].…”

Section: An Introduction To Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it is of interest that the biomarker is easy accessible, thereby minimizing the burden for the patient. Finally, the sensitivity of the biomarker (or diagnostic assay to quantify the biomarker) will determine the extent to which early diagnosis is feasible [213].…”

Section: An Introduction To Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles

Stremersch

Smedt

Raemdonck

2016

Journal of Controlled Release

156

103

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During the past two decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as important mediators of intercellular communication, enabling the functional transfer of bioactive molecules from one cell to another. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly clear that these vesicles are involved in many (patho)physiological processes, providing opportunities for therapeutic applications. Moreover, it is known that the molecular composition of EVs reflects the physiological status of the producing cell and tissue, rationalizing their exploitation as biomarkers in various diseases. In this review the composition, biogenesis and diversity of EVs is discussed in a therapeutic and diagnostic context. We describe emerging therapeutic applications, including the use of EVs as drug delivery vehicles and as cell-free vaccines, and reflect on future challenges for clinical translation. Finally, we discuss the use of EVs as a biomarker source and highlight recent studies and clinical successes.

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“…In 1998, the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Definitions Working Group defined a biomarker as "a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention" [1,2]. A joint venture on chemical safety, the International Programmed on Chemical Safety, led by the World Health Organization (WHO) and in coordination with the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, has defined a biomarker as "any substance, structure, or process that can be measured in the body or its products and influence or predict the incidence of outcome or disease" [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers: An Imperative Accession for Diagnosis of a Disease and Drug Development

Gulshan¹,

Rao²

2017

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Biomarkers are becoming an essential part of clinical development, not least because they offer a faster alternative to the conventional drug development approach and the promise of safer drugs, in greater numbers, approved more quickly. Many of the failures happen late in clinical trials, with the consequence that expenditure in clinical drug development -already a mammoth effort requiring a huge amount of money, time, and patient is increasing. The ultimate vision is to have access to therapeutic fields, a better understanding of pathophysiology of diseases, thereby uncovering potential drug targets and biomarkers in the disease pathway. By finding molecular biomarkers of the disease, diagnosis could be improved and could reveal new information about the disease, by which a better chance for developing drugs is possible. Biomarkers can also reflect the entire spectrum of disease from the earliest manifestations to the terminal stages. In this present review, biomarkers of various diseases were enlisted to highlight the overabundance of information necessary for clinicians and scientists to have a thorough understanding of biomarkers and its ability to improve treatment and reduce health-care costs which are potentially greater than in any other area of medical research.

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What are biomarkers?

Cited by 1,670 publications

References 8 publications

Frailty Assessment in Acute Care

Frailty Assessment in Acute Care

Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles

Biomarkers: An Imperative Accession for Diagnosis of a Disease and Drug Development

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