Westernization of lifestyle affects quantitative and qualitative changes in adiponectin

Abstract

BackgroundAlthough Japanese–Americans and native Japanese share the same genetic predispositions, they live different lifestyles, resulting in insulin resistance in Japanese–Americans. We investigated whether the quantitative and qualitative changes in adiponectin (APN) due to differences in lifestyle contribute to the development of insulin resistance.MethodsWe evaluated 325 native Japanese in Hiroshima, Japan and 304 Japanese–Americans in Los Angeles, the United States, who were aged between 30 and 70 years and underwent medical examinations between 2009 and 2010. All participants underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to assess their glucose tolerance. The insulin response to oral glucose load, the Matsuda index, total APN levels, and C1q-APN/total-APN ratios were compared between native Japanese and Japanese–Americans.ResultsCompared with the native Japanese, the Japanese–Americans had significantly lower Matsuda index and higher area under the curve values for serum insulin concentration during OGTT in the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) groups, but not in the diabetes mellitus (DM) group. Furthermore, the Japanese–Americans had significantly lower total APN levels and higher C1q-APN/total-APN ratios than the native Japanese in the NGT and IGT groups, but not in the DM group.ConclusionsThis study suggested that, in Japanese people, the westernization of their lifestyle might affect quantitative and qualitative changes in APN and induce insulin resistance.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0565-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Alteration of gut microbiota by a Westernized lifestyle and its correlation with insulin resistance in non‐diabetic Japanese men

“…Odoribacter is also reported to produce sulfobacin B; sulfobacin B treatment is reported to suppress lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation in mice. Considering that the levels of C‐reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, are reportedly lower in native Japanese than in Japanese‐Americans, Odoribacter ‐produced sulfobacin B might exert an anti‐inflammatory effect and partially contribute to improved insulin sensitivity.…”

“…We undertook a medical survey targeting Japanese people, and their descendants, who emigrated to the USA (the Hawaii‐Los Angeles‐Hiroshima Study) since 1970. It was inferred that Japanese‐Americans with an American lifestyle in Hawaii or Los Angeles had a higher degree of insulin resistance, as well as a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome than native Japanese with a Japanese lifestyle in Hiroshima.…”

Metabolomic profiling implicates adiponectin as mediator of a favorable lipoprotein profile associated with NT-proBNP

“…Higher circulating adiponectin levels were also associated with a beneficial development of heart rate variability over 5 years in T2DM representing improved cardiovascular autonomic function [ 42 ]. Comparing a native Japanese population with Japanese-American people revealed lower serum adiponectin and increased measures of inflammation in the later indicating that westernization of lifestyle may affect adiponectin which in turn might promote development of insulin resistance [ 43 ]. Strengthening the role of adiponectin in T2DM, an increase of circulating adiponectin in response to anti-diabetic treatment has been reported [ 44 ].…”

A 50‐year history of the health impacts of Westernization on the lifestyle of Japanese Americans: A focus on the Hawaii–Los Angeles–Hiroshima Study

“…The 2010 survey carried out in Los Angeles compared serum total adiponectin levels between native Japanese people and Japanese Americans in terms of their glucose tolerance status; namely, NGT, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus groups 13 . The serum total adiponectin levels were significantly lower in Japanese Americans than in native Japanese people in the NGT and impaired glucose tolerance groups, but not in the diabetes mellitus group.…”

“…The serum total adiponectin levels were significantly lower in Japanese Americans than in native Japanese people in the NGT and impaired glucose tolerance groups, but not in the diabetes mellitus group. Furthermore, among the participants included in the report 13 , those with NGT were divided into a non-obese group (a BMI of <25 kg/m 2 ) and an obese group (a BMI of ≥25 kg/m 2 ): the number of native Japanese and Japanese Americans in the non-obese and the obese groups were 190 and 57, and 186 and 51, respectively. Additionally, insulin resistance between native Japanese people and Japanese Americans was compared, and the results showed that Japanese Americans, even in the non-obese group, had high homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels and low Matsuda Index levels (Figure 4).…”