Western flower thrips resistance to insecticides: detection, mechanisms and management strategies

Abstract

Insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This highly invasive pest has a great propensity for developing insecticide resistance because of its biological attributes, and cases of resistance to most classes of insecticides used for its management have been detected. To combat insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, several insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs have been developed around the world, and these are discussed. Successful programs rely on non-insecticidal tactics, such as biological and cultural controls and host plant resistance, to reduce population pressures, rotations among insecticides of different mode of action classes to conserve insecticide efficacy, resistance monitoring, sampling to determine the need for insecticide applications and education to assure proper implementation. More judicious insecticide use is possible with the development of well-founded economic thresholds for more cropping systems. While growers will continue to rely on insecticides as part of western-flower-thrips- and thrips-transmitted virus management, more effective management of these pests will be achieved by considering their management in the context of overall integrated pest management, with IRM being a key component of those comprehensive programs.

Field-evolved resistance to insecticides in the invasive western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in China

“…17 Invasive populations of F. occidentalis often display resistance to insecticides frequently used in their putative source countries, suggesting that invasive populations arise from resistant founders. 8,18 However, resistance levels can vary widely across relatively small geographic source areas and invaded areas, 19,20 which reflects the unique insecticide exposure and selection histories of individual populations.…”

Avaliação de inseticidas para o controle de tripes <i>Frankliniella</i> spp. em roseira

“…O Imidacloprido ainda foi relatado como altamente eficaz contra o tripes Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) em uvas (SHIBAO et al, 2006), do mesmo modo que tem sido usado com sucesso para o controle de tripes de abacate, Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (BYRNE et al, 2007), e causou mortalidade em F. occidentalis (WILLMOTT et al, 2013). Contudo ainda vale destacar que F. occidentalis desenvolve resistência a Tiametoxam após a aplicação contínua desse princípio ativo e cuidados adicionais devem ser tomados, pois para superar a resistência são requeridos custos econômicos consideráveis (GAO; LEI; STUART, 2012).…”

“…O curto tempo de uma geração de Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), a alta fertilidade dessa espécie, seu sistema haplodiploide reprodutivo, o comportamento alimentar peculiar e características como a polifagia, são habilidades que esses insetos possuem para desenvolver rapidamente resistência a produtos fitossanitários (STUART;FUNDERBURK, 2012;JENSEN, 2000).…”

The aggregation pheromones of thrips (Thysanoptera) and their potential for pest management

“…They occur throughout the world, in both tropical and temperate regions, and several species are invasive (Kirk and Terry, 2003;Cannon et al, 2007). Thrips are particularly difficult to control with pesticides because they hide in small spaces on plants and rapidly develop resistance to insecticides (Gao et al, 2012). Hence, new approaches to thrips management are needed.…”