West Nile Virus Infection in Humans and Horses, Cuba

Pupo, Maritza; Guzmán, María G.; Fernández, Roberto; Llop, Alina; Dickinson, Félix; Pérez, Daniel I.; Cruz, Raúl; González, T Marco; Estévez, Gonzalo; González, Hiram; Santos, Paulino; Kourı́, Gustavo; Andonova, Maya; Lindsay, L. Robbin; Artsob, Harvey; Drebot, Michael A.

doi:10.3201/eid1206.051235

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[4][5][6]11,12 Dengue virus can circulate in sylvatic cycles involving non-human primates and can therefore be considered zoonotic; however, most transmission occurs in urban cycles involving only humans and mosquitoes. Nevertheless, the importance of this virus as a major vector-borne pathogen justified its inclusion in this study and the high degree of seroprevalence observed is consistent with previous studies showing the hyperendemic nature of its circulation in the Caribbean.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Seven Zoonotic Pathogens in Pregnant Women from the Caribbean

Wood¹,

Drebot²,

Dewailly³

et al. 2014

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Seven Zoonotic Pathogens in Pregnant Women from the Caribbean

Wood¹,

Drebot²,

Dewailly³

et al. 2014

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…11 This paucity of viral isolations could be the result of a combination of reduced avian mortality, reduced viral loads within avian hosts, or limited mosquito testing. In addition to observation of reduced avian mortality in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America, serosurveys of equids have demonstrated evidence of spillover transmission 32,34,35,[40][41][42] without documented equine disease, until reaching the temperate latitudes of Argentina. 43 A number of theories could explain reduced virulence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas

Brault¹,

Langevin

Ramey

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. A West Nile virus (WNV) isolate from Mexico (TM171-03) and BIRD1153, a unique genotype from Texas, have exhibited reduced murine neuroinvasive phenotypes. To determine if murine neuroinvasive capacity equates to avian virulence potential, American crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) and house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) were experimentally inoculated with representative murine neuroinvasive/non-neuroinvasive strains. In both avian species, a plaque variant from Mexico that was E-glycosylation competent produced higher viremias than an E-glycosylation-incompetent variant, indicating the potential importance of E-glycosylation for avian replication. The murine non-neuroinvasive BIRD1153 strain was significantly attenuated in American crows but not house sparrows when compared with the murine neuroinvasive Texas strain. Despite the loss of murine neuroinvasive properties of nonglycosylated variants from Mexico, our data indicate avian replication potential of these strains and that unique WNV virulence characteristics exist between murine and avian models. The implications of reduced avian replication of variants from Mexico for restricted WNV transmission in Latin America is discussed.

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“…These rates are significantly higher than the 4.0% (8 of 200 unvaccinated horses) observed in a previously unpublished study (referred to in Komar and Clark, 2006) in 2004 in Trinidad. It is also higher than the rate reported for horses in Venezuela (4.5%; Bosch et al 2007) and Cuba (9.0%; Pupo et al 2006), but lower than in Mexico (29.5-62.5%;Blitvich et al 2003b;Marlenee et al 2004;Alonso-Padilla et al 2009), Guatemala (42.3%;Morales-Betoulle et al 2006), and Guadeloupe (61.6%; Quirin et al 2004). Komar and associates (Komar et al 2003) suggested that the differences in seroprevalence among locations in South and Central America may be a consequence of the difference in the length of time the virus has been in circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Serological Evidence of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Livestock and Wildlife in Trinidad

Thompson

Auguste

Coombs

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Seroprevalence rates of selected arboviruses in animal populations in Trinidad were determined using serum samples collected between 2006 and 2009 from horses (n = 506), cattle (n = 163), sheep (n = 198), goats (n = 82), pigs (n = 184), birds (n = 140), rodents (n = 116), and other vertebrates (n = 23). The sera were screened for antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Ilheus virus (ILHV), Bussuquara virus (BSQV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), using hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) and epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Antibodies to SLEV were detected in a total of 49 (9.7%) horses, 8 (4.9%) cattle, 1 (1.2%) goat, 2 (1.4%) wild birds, and 3 (2.2%) wild rodents by both methods. In contrast, antibodies to EEEV, VEEV, and WNV were detected only in horses, at rates of 4.3%, 0.8%, and 17.2%, respectively, by ELISA, and IgM capture ELISA was WNV-positive in 3 (0.6%) of these sera. Among locally bred unvaccinated horses that had never left Trinidad, seroprevalence rates against WNV were 12.1% and 17.2% by ELISA and HIA, respectively. The presence of WNV-and SLEV-specific antibodies in a representative sample of horse sera that were both ELISA-and HIA-seropositive was confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT). Antibodies to ILHV and BSQV were not detected in any of the serum samples tested (i.e., sera from horses, other livestock, and wild birds in the case of ILHV, and wild mammals in the case of BSQV). The data indicate the presence of WNV in Trinidad, and continuing low-level circulation of SLEV, EEEV, and VEEV.

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West Nile Virus Infection in Humans and Horses, Cuba

Abstract: A surveillance system to detect West Nile virus (WNV) was established in Cuba in 2002. WNV infection was confirmed by serologic assays in 4 asymptomatic horses and 3 humans with encephalitis in 2003 and 2004. These results are the first reported evidence of WNV activity in Cuba.

Cited by 39 publications

References 14 publications

Seroprevalence of Seven Zoonotic Pathogens in Pregnant Women from the Caribbean

Seroprevalence of Seven Zoonotic Pathogens in Pregnant Women from the Caribbean

Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas

Serological Evidence of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Livestock and Wildlife in Trinidad

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