West nile virus-associated optic neuritis and chorioretinitis

A review on ocular findings in mouse lemurs: potential links to age and genetic background

“…It follows the inflammation of two eye structures called the choroid and retina (Gelatt et al, 2012;Maggs et al, 2012). The causes of chorioretinitis in humans are usually bacterial (Yang et al, 2015;MolinaSocola et al, 2016), viral (Anninger et al, 2003;Eidsness et al, 2005) as well as most frequently parasitic infections with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can be transmitted horizontally as well as vertically (congenital) (Gump and Holden, 1979;Montoya and Remington, 1996;Datta and Banerjee, 2003;Hall et al, 2009). Nevertheless, cases linked to HIV are also known (Garcher et al, 1990).…”

Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome: An Unusual Presentation for West Nile Virus Encephalitis

“…Only two cases of OMS were reported in the 2003 outbreak of WNV, with another similar case reported in 2006 (8). One of the cases reported occurred in a patient who was potentially immunocompromised with non-small cell lung cancer, which makes it diffi cult to attribute OMS solely to WNV infection (9).…”

“…Th e activity of these burst neurons is controlled by omnipause neurons in the pontine raphe. It is suggested that OMS is caused by the failure of omnipause neurons to control burst neurons (8). Th e omnipause neurons are aff ected in brainstem encephalitis and also when there is impaired control of the brainstem saccade generating network by the cerebellum.…”

Novel infectious agents causing uveitis

“…Since the first descriptions of ocular involvement secondary to WNV infection in 2002 and 2003, several ophthalmologic findings have been recognized, including chorioretinitis, anterior uveitis, retinal vasculitis, optic neuritis, and congenital chorioretinal scarring [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44].…”

“…Other reported neuroophthalmic manifestations include ocular nerve palsy and nystagmus [31]. A case of congenital chorioretinal scarring secondary to intra-uterine transmission of WNV infection has been reported [42]. Diagnosis of WNV infection requires a high index of suspicion and specific laboratory testing.…”