West Nile Virus--Associated Encephalitis in Recipients of Renal and Pancreas Transplants: Case Series and Literature Review

Ravindra, Kadiyala V.; Freifeld, Alison G.; Kalil, André C.; Mercer, David F.; Grant, Wendy J.; Botha, Jean F.; Wrenshall, Lucile E.; Stevens, R. Brian

doi:10.1086/383325

Cited by 80 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Other articles have reported cases of WNV infection occurring in SOT recipients (12,15,44,101,158,210,215,265,305,337,383). Most of these cases were community-acquired (de novo) infections or had been acquired through infected blood products.…”

Section: Infections Caused By West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY In recent years, the increasing number of donors from different regions of the world is providing a new challenge for the management and selection of suitable donors. This is a worldwide problem in most countries with transplantation programs, especially due to the increase in immigration and international travel. This paper elaborates recommendations regarding the selection criteria for donors from foreign countries who could potentially transmit tropical or geographically restricted infections to solid-organ transplant recipients. For this purpose, an extensive review of the medical literature focusing on viral, fungal, and parasitic infections that could be transmitted during transplantation from donors who have lived or traveled in countries where these infections are endemic has been performed, with special emphasis on tropical and imported infections. The review also includes cases described in the literature as well as risks of transmission during transplantation, microbiological tests available, and recommendations for each infection. A table listing different infectious agents with their geographic distributions and specific recommendations is included.

show abstract

Section: Infections Caused By West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Transplant recipients are at higher risk than the general population for meningoencephalitis after exposure (213)(214)(215)(216)(217). In West Nile virus endemic regions, donors should be tested for West Nile virus.…”

Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Infection in the Renal Transplant Recipient

Kotton

Fishman²

2005

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

197

181

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Viruses are among the most common causes of opportunistic infection after transplantation and the most important. The risk for viral infection is a function of the specific virus encountered, the intensity of immune suppression used to prevent graft rejection, and other host factors governing susceptibility. Viral infection, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, causes the "direct effects" of invasive disease and "indirect effects," including immune suppression predisposing to other opportunistic infections and oncogenesis. Rapid and sensitive microbiologic assays for many of the common viruses after transplantation have replaced, for the most part, serologic testing and in vitro cultures for the diagnosis of infection. Furthermore, quantitative molecular tests allow the individualization of antiviral therapies for prevention and treatment of infection. This advance is most prominent in the management of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viruses. Diagnostic advances have not been accompanied by the development of specific and nontoxic anti-viral agents or effective antiviral vaccines. Vaccines, where available, should be given to patients as early as possible and well in advance of transplantation to optimize the immune response. Studies of viral latency, reactivation, and the cellular effects of viral infection will provide clues for future strategies in prevention and treatment of viral infections.

show abstract

“…Associated with the outbreak in North America was the unprecedented identification of several novel viral transmission modes: blood transfusion (14,59), organ transplantation (15,18,36,66), breastfeeding (13,33), and transplacental exposure (11). The description of these novel modes of WNV transmission has highlighted the need for virus detection in serum during early time points of infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

NS1 Protein Secretion during the Acute Phase of West Nile Virus Infection

Macdonald

Tonry

Hall

et al. 2005

J Virol

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The West Nile virus (WNV) nonstructural protein NS1 is a protein of unknown function that is found within, associated with, and secreted from infected cells. We systematically investigated the kinetics of NS1 secretion in vitro and in vivo to determine the potential use of this protein as a diagnostic marker and to analyze NS1 secretion in relation to the infection cycle. A sensitive antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of WNV NS1 (polyclonal-ACE) was developed, as well as a capture ELISA for the specific detection of NS1 multimers (4G4-ACE). The 4G4-ACE detected native NS1 antigens at high sensitivity, whereas the polyclonal-ACE had a higher specificity for recombinant forms of the protein. Applying these assays we found that only a small fraction of intracellular NS1 is secreted and that secretion of NS1 in tissue culture is delayed compared to the release of virus particles. In experimentally infected hamsters, NS1 was detected in the serum between days 3 and 8 postinfection, peaking on day 5, the day prior to the onset of clinical disease; immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were detected at low levels on day 5 postinfection. Although real-time PCR gave the earliest indication of infection (day 1), the diagnostic performance of the 4G4-ACE was comparable to that of real-time PCR during the time period when NS1 was secreted. Moreover, the 4G4-ACE was found to be superior in performance to both the IgM and plaque assays during this time period, suggesting that NS1 is a viable early diagnostic marker of WNV infection.

show abstract

West Nile Virus--Associated Encephalitis in Recipients of Renal and Pancreas Transplants: Case Series and Literature Review

Cited by 80 publications

References 10 publications

Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation

Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation

Viral Infection in the Renal Transplant Recipient

NS1 Protein Secretion during the Acute Phase of West Nile Virus Infection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About