West Nile Outbreak in Horses in Southern France, 2000: The Return after 35 Years

Prevalence of West Nile Virus Neutralizing Antibodies in Wild Birds from the Camargue Area, Southern France

“…The first WNV outbreak in horses in France occurred during the summer of 1962 in the Camargue region, a wetland area characterized by very diverse bird communities (Jourdain et al, 2007a). A second epizootic in the Camargue occurred in 2000, with 76 equine cases (Murgue et al, 2001 Rollin et al, 1982). The second study, which was done shortly after the 2000 epizootic in horses, reported the presence of WNV neutralizing antibodies in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), Yellow-legged Gulls, and Common Magpies (Pica pica; Hars et al, 2004).…”

Equine Risk Assessment for Insecticides Used in Adult Mosquito Management

“…And, of those horses that develop clinical signs of illness, the mortality rate is approximately 33% (Murgue et al 2001;Ostlund et al 2001;Trock et al 2001;Porter et al 2003;Weese et al 2003;Ward et al 2004Ward et al , 2006.…”

Antibody Responses Induced by Experimental West Nile Virus Infection with or without Previous Immunization with Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Horses

“…Furthermore, abnormal behavior, dysmetria, teeth grinding, facial nerve paralysis and dysphagia have been observed as a result of brain damage due to WNV infection [3,25]. Cases of equine infection have been reported during epidemics, or outbreaks, of WNV in many countries, including Italy [1], France [16], Canada [26] and the United States [17], and thus WNV infection has become a major concern of the horse industry.…”