Welding of Plastics: Fundamentals and New Developments

Grewell, David; Benatar, Avraham

doi:10.3139/217.0051

Cited by 177 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…4) Low power (<1 W) fibre-coupled laser diodes are available which provide a focused spot width of 25 µm and have been used to produce weld widths of 50 µm in clear to carbon black filled PC. 5) Weld strengths from 616 MPa were measured and thermal degradation of the PC was identified as a problem as well as limitations in process speed. A line source diode laser and mask based system has also been applied to assemble microfluidic devices.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Sealing of Polymer Microchannels Using Electron Beam Lithography to Pattern Absorber for Laser Welding

Jones

Griffiths

2015

Mater. Trans.

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Laser welding can make very precise joints in plastics products, both in terms of joint location and amount of heating applied. These welding methods allow complex products such as microfluidic devices to be made, where channels and structure resolution below 100 µm is regularly used. However, to date, the dimension of welds made using lasers has been limited by the focus spot size that is achievable from the laser source. Theoretically, the minimum spot size possible from a good quality laser beam is comparable to the wavelength of the radiation emitted. Practically, with reasonable focal length optics, the spot size achievable is a few factors larger than this. The resulting weld even larger than this. The narrowest welds feasible to date have therefore been 10 to 20 µm wide using a near-infrared laser source.The aim of this work was make welds less than 10 µm wide in PMMA thermoplastic, using EB lithography to prepare laser absorber tracks and channels, followed by laser welding to carry out welds of the order of 1 µm wide. This technique should allow welds to be made below the resolution limit of the near-infrared laser.Welded joints with a width of 1 µm have been achieved and channels with a width of 5 µm. The procedure was based on the principle of transmission laser welding using a thin coating of infrared absorbent material at the joint interface. The coating was patterned using electronbeam lithography to obtain the required resolution in a reproducible manner, and that resolution was retained after the transmission laser welding process. The joint strength was ratified using larger scale samples. The results demonstrate that plastics products could be made with a high density of structure with resolution below 1 µm, and that welding can be applied without excessively heating regions outside the weld lines. This may be applied to smaller scale sensor and analysis chips, micro-bio and chemical reactors using either liquids or gases, and to microelectronic packaging.

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Sealing of Polymer Microchannels Using Electron Beam Lithography to Pattern Absorber for Laser Welding

Jones

Griffiths

2015

Mater. Trans.

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“…The welding process is basically divided into two methods as exterior and interior. Hot plate welding (HPW), one of the external heating methods, is among the widely used welding methods applied in thermoplastics since the 1960s [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Joining Of Plastics and Hot Plate Weldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of hot plate welding parameters of glass fibered reinforced Polyamide 6 (PA6 GF15) composite material by Taguchi method

Kocatüfek¹,

Yeni²,

Ülker³

et al. 2014

uujms

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In this study, the effect of four welding parameters on hot plate welding of polymer composite, polyamide 6 (PA6) with 15 %wt glass fiber reinforcement (PA6 GF15) was investigated. The parameters considered are the plate temperature (PT), heating time (HT), welding displacement (WD), and welding time (WT). Three levels for each parameter were selected. For hot plate welding process of the specimens, L9 orthogonal array was used within the frame of Taguchi experimental design method. The tensile strengths of the joints were examined by using analysis of variances, and optimum welding strength was compared with the results obtained from confirmation run. As a result of the ongoing analysis, it has been observed that in PA6 GF15 polymer composite, 270°C of plate temperature, 1 mm of the welding displacement stroke, and 25s of heating time were the optimum combination suggested by Taguchi method. The welding strength was improved approximately 27% from initial welding parameters.

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“…7 For the joining of fiber reinforced thermoplastics, different techniques are available, e.g., adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, and welding. 8 Adhesive bonding is characterized by a good fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, and a high 1938-1387/2015/27(S2)/S29004/7/$28.00…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 In order to weld fiber reinforced plastics, techniques, such as resistance, ultrasonic, vibration, induction, and laser transmission welding, can be applied. 8 The laser transmission welding technique is based on the optical transparency of thermoplastics for the wavelength of the laser radiation. This allows the laser radiation to pass the transparent part (LT) and generate heat in the absorbing part (LA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced laser welding of high-performance thermoplastic composites

Jaeschke

Wippo

Suttmann

et al. 2015

Journal of Laser Applications

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Thermoplastic composite structures based on continuous carbon fiber reinforcements are gaining importance in many industrial applications. These comprise basic technical functions as well as high-performance applications in the aerospace sector. Welding techniques are applicable for composites based on thermoplastic matrix materials in contrast to thermoset systems. In this context, welding steps are not limited to the joining of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) parts among themselves, but extend to the connection of various components, consisting of unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics to CFRP components. In this work, a laser transmission welding process is evaluated with respect to the influence of the carbon fiber reinforcement within the laser absorbing part as well as the glass fiber reinforcement within the laser transparent part on the weld seam formation. Thermoplastic base material nylon (PA 6.6) and polyphenylene sulfide are used. By applying two different strategies, contour and quasisimultaneous welding, the influence of continuous fiber reinforced composites on the welding process is studied. Significant differences to the process characteristics known from the joining of unreinforced thermoplastics emerge from the fiber reinforcement inducing high thermal conductivity and fluctuating absorption properties for the laser wavelength, resulting in an essentially altered plastification performance which is directly mirrored in the inhomogeneous formation of the weld seam structure.

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Welding of Plastics: Fundamentals and New Developments

Cited by 177 publications

References 9 publications

Preparation and Sealing of Polymer Microchannels Using Electron Beam Lithography to Pattern Absorber for Laser Welding

Preparation and Sealing of Polymer Microchannels Using Electron Beam Lithography to Pattern Absorber for Laser Welding

Optimization of hot plate welding parameters of glass fibered reinforced Polyamide 6 (PA6 GF15) composite material by Taguchi method

Advanced laser welding of high-performance thermoplastic composites

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