“…But simply making learning resources available online and letting students learn on their own may not work well as learning asynchronously has certain limitations such as the lack of social presence (Han, 2013), delayed feedback (Karal, Çebi, & Turgut, 2011), low participation (Cunningham, 2014), being impersonal (Kear, Chetwynd, Williams, & Donelan, 2015), and low motivation and participation (Hastie, Hung, Chen, & Kinshuk, 2010). One potential way to address the limitations is to incorporate synchronicity into the learning process.…”