Weather Modification: Finding Common Ground

Garstang, Michael; Bruintjes, Roelof; Serafin, Robert; Orville, Harold D.; Boe, Bruce A.; Cotton, William R.; Warburton, J. A.

doi:10.1175/bams-86-5-647

Cited by 56 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Cloud seeding strategies have been established for seeding of cold clouds. There is a need to adapt and optimize seeding strategies according to the different situations based on laboratory findings and numerical models (Garstang et al, 2005). Focusing on the microphysical aspects of cloud seeding, it is required to improve the understanding of how seeding agents form ice.…”

Section: Weather Modification By Cloud Seedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice nucleation efficiency of AgI: review and new insights

et al. 2016

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Abstract. AgI is one of the best-investigated ice-nucleating substances. It has relevance for the atmosphere since it is used for glaciogenic cloud seeding. Theoretical and experimental studies over the last 60 years provide a complex picture of silver iodide as an ice-nucleating agent with conflicting and inconsistent results. This review compares experimental ice nucleation studies in order to analyze the factors that influence the ice nucleation ability of AgI. The following picture emerges from this analysis: the ice nucleation ability of AgI seems to be enhanced when the AgI particle is on the surface of a droplet, which is indeed the position that a particle takes when it can freely move in a droplet. The ice nucleation by particles with surfaces exposed to air depends on water adsorption. AgI surfaces seem to be most efficient at nucleating ice when they are exposed to relative humidity at or even above water saturation. For AgI particles that are completely immersed in water, the freezing temperature increases with increasing AgI surface area. Higher threshold freezing temperatures seem to correlate with improved lattice matches as can be seen for AgI-AgCl solid solutions and 3AgI q NH 4 I q 6H 2 O, which have slightly better lattice matches with ice than AgI and also higher threshold freezing temperatures. However, the effect of a good lattice match is annihilated when the surfaces have charges. Also, the ice nucleation ability seems to decrease during dissolution of AgI particles. This introduces an additional history and time dependence for ice nucleation in cloud chambers with short residence times.

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Section: Weather Modification By Cloud Seedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice nucleation efficiency of AgI: review and new insights

et al. 2016

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“…For firm "proof" (see NRC 2003;Garstang et al 2005) that seeding affects precipitation, both strong physical evidence of appropriate modifications to cloud structures and highly significant statistical evidence is required. Likewise, for firm "proof" that climate engineering is affecting climate, or even that that CO 2 is modifying climate, both strong physical evidence of appropriate modifications to climate and significant statistical evidence is required.…”

Section: Implications Of Cloud Seeding Research To Climate Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weather and Climate Engineering

Cotton¹

2009

Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System

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“…In addition, different seeding agents releasing methods and their effects on seeded convective clouds which have a mixed phase have been investigated to a less extent (e.g., Chen and Xiao 2010;Javanmard and Mohammad-Hosseinzadeh 2012). In spite of great progress in cloud seeding operations and numerical modelings (Orville 1996;Garstang et al 2005), there are still many unknowns to be determined (Bruintjes 1999;Silverman 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of liquid carbon dioxide and silver iodide seeding effects on cumulonimbus clouds rainfall enhancement and hail suppression

Najafi

Javanmard

Mohammad-Hosseinzadeh

2014

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In this work, a comparative study of liquid carbon dioxide versus silver iodide seeding effects on a one-dimensional transient cumulonimbus cloud model is made. The over-riding concern is to figure out the implications of different seeding methods and agents for rainfall enhancement and hail suppression in cumulonimbus clouds. Based on the model results, it may be inferred that for the liquid carbon dioxide seeding, the seedability temperature limit is wider and the dynamic effects and precipitations are stronger compared to those of the silver iodide seeding. In addition, based on the model results, the rainfall enhancement can augment to 52 % for liquid carbon dioxide as the cloud top level increases. However, this rainfall enhancement can augment to only 19 % in the case of silver iodide seeding. Also, the model results show that for clouds with cloud top level less than 7 km, the cumulative rainfall for the point seeding is less than that for the horizontal seeding, but for clouds with cloud top level more than 9 km, the rainfall amount for the point seeding is more than that for the horizontal seeding. The results also show that there exist two threshold temperatures for the silver iodide seeding methods. The model results also indicate that the silver iodide seeding in the mixed clouds can be used for the cloud seeding with the aim of hail suppression. In general, the obtained results from this model show to be comparable with the recorded data at rain gauge stations.

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Weather Modification: Finding Common Ground

Abstract: The 2004 National Academies report on the future of weather modification research is examined by a panel representing the NRC and the Weather Modification Association.

Cited by 56 publications

References 19 publications

Ice nucleation efficiency of AgI: review and new insights

Ice nucleation efficiency of AgI: review and new insights

Weather and Climate Engineering

Comparative study of liquid carbon dioxide and silver iodide seeding effects on cumulonimbus clouds rainfall enhancement and hail suppression

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