Wearable salivary uric acid mouthguard biosensor with integrated wireless electronics

Abstract

This article demonstrates an instrumented mouthguard capable of non-invasively monitoring salivary uric acid (SUA) levels. The enzyme (uricase)-modified screen printed electrode system has been integrated onto a mouthguard platform along with anatomically-miniaturized instrumentation electronics featuring a potentiostat, microcontroller, and a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transceiver. Unlike RFID-based biosensing systems, which require large proximal power sources, the developed platform enables real-time wireless transmission of the sensed information to standard smartphones, laptops, and other consumer electronics for on-demand processing, diagnostics, or storage. The mouthguard biosensor system offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability towards uric acid detection in human saliva, covering the concentration ranges for both healthy people and hyperuricemia patients. The new wireless mouthguard biosensor system is able to monitor SUA level in real-time and continuous fashion, and can be readily expanded to an array of sensors for different analytes to enable an attractive wearable monitoring system for diverse health and fitness applications.

Flexible Substrate-Based Devices for Point-of-Care Diagnostics

“…Chronoamperometric measurements were made to quantify the concentration of lactate in human saliva, exhibiting a linear dynamic range of 0.1–0.5 mM. A similar mouthguard-based biosensor was subsequently developed for detection of salivary uric acid [52]. …”

“…For on-body characterization, this sensor clearly demonstrated real-time sodium dynamics during exercise. In another study, the same group developed wearable mouthguard biosensor with an integrated Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) chipset for continuous monitoring or uric acid in saliva [52]. The demonstrated device was fabricated by using a screen-printed flexible PET electrode that was integrated with a potentiostat, microcontroller, and miniaturized on-chip BLE communication system for low-power operation.…”

Application of Electrochemical Methods in Biosensing Technologies

“…Abnormalities indicate diseases like hyperuricemia, gout or Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Enzyme-modified printed electrode shows amperometric response and is connected to the platform sending analysis results to smartphones and laptops [32]. By breath analysis, viruses causing respiratory infections can be detected [33].…”

Recent Advances and Applications of Biosensors in Novel Technology

“…In another study, Tang et al demonstrated antigen-antibody interaction via GOD conjugated hollow gold-silver microspheres (AuAgHSs) further coupled using Prussian blue NPs (an artificial catalase), on a graphene-based immunosensor [117]. Pesticidal study [96] Hba1c biosensor Determining glycated hemoglobin [97] Piezoelectric biosensors Detecting carbamate and organophosphate [98] Uric acid biosensors Diagnosis of various clinical abnormalities or illness (e.g., diagnosis of cardiovascular disease) [99,100] Glucose oxidase electrode biosensors Measuring of glucose in biological sample of diabetic patient [101] Quartz-crystal biosensors Detection of proteins at ultrahigh-sensitive level in liquids [102] Optical Polyacrylamide based hydrogel biosensors Immobilization of biomolecules [30] Silicon biosensor For biosensing, bioimaging, and in cancer therapy [103,104] Microfabricated biosensor In novel drug delivery (e.g., in optical corrections) [105] Fluorescence tagged/Genetically encoded biosensor Investigation of various biological process and molecular systems in the cell [27,[106][107][108] Electrochemical or optical Nanomaterials biosensors For diagnosis and in drug delivery [32,93,[109][110][111][112][113][114] …”