Wear Behavior of Cenosphere Dispersed Titanium Composite Foam Developed by Powder Metallurgy Route

Abstract

The present study includes a detailed analysis of titanium based composite foam developed by powder metallurgy route and to understand the role of process parameters and the particle size of the space holder (cenosphere) on the kinetics and mechanism of wear. Cenosphere of varying particle size (<150 μm; 150-212 μm; > 212 μm) were mixed with titanium in a ratio of 1:3, compacted at 100 MPa and sintered at 1000°C and 1200°C for a period of 2,4 & 6 hrs in each temperature. The kinetics of wear and frictional coefficient of sintered composites were evaluated by reciprocating wear testing machine against diamond indenter at applied load of 10 N. The mechanism of wear was studied by a detailed analysis of the post wear microstructure. The composite foam with cenosphere particle size in the range of 150-212 μm showed minimum wear rate. The mechanism of wear was found to be a combination of adhesive and abrasive.

Microstructural Analysis and Corrosion Behavior of a Titanium Cenosphere Composite Foam Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy Route

“…Similar values of mechanical properties were obtained in studies conducted by a group where the samples also showed promising in‐vivo behavior in terms of new bone growth when implanted in a white rabbit in New Zealand and observed for one and three months, respectively [31] . Mechanical properties in terms of wear depth and wear rate of these samples have also been reported [28, 32] and it was found that the addition of cenosphere to Ti forced the wear rate to slow down. But due to the low compressive strength of these materials, they are not suitable for higher load‐bearing applications.…”

“…In a universal tensile testing apparatus, the sample powder mixture was compacted in a cylindrical shape with a cylindrical stainless-steel die of 10 mm diameter by applying 100 MPa pressure (to ensure adequate compaction without breaking the cenosphere particles) using a 0.1 mm/s cross-head speed and a holding time of 2 min. [26,28] The green pellets were sintered in a tube furnace in an argon atmosphere at two different temperatures (1000 to 1200 °C) for a period of 2, 4 and 6 h at a heating rate of 25 °C/min. The microstructure of the sintered pellet was carefully observed under a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and the elemental composition was analyzed by energy dispersed spectroscopy (EDS).…”

“…Ltd) with three different sizes, i. e., <150; 150–212 and >212 μm were mixed in the proportion of 75 : 25 (wt %) for 24 h in a tumble mixer with PVA (2 wt%) as an organic binder for adequate strength. In a universal tensile testing apparatus, the sample powder mixture was compacted in a cylindrical shape with a cylindrical stainless‐steel die of 10 mm diameter by applying 100 MPa pressure (to ensure adequate compaction without breaking the cenosphere particles) using a 0.1 mm/s cross‐head speed and a holding time of 2 min [26,28] . The green pellets were sintered in a tube furnace in an argon atmosphere at two different temperatures (1000 to 1200 °C) for a period of 2, 4 and 6 h at a heating rate of 25 °C/min.…”

“…Among the few studies that explored the cenosphere addition in Ti foam, the influence of cenosphere particle size and the process parameters on the wear behavior of Ti foam [25,28] is worth mentioning. The corrosion rate of Ti foam was found to be at a significantly lower rate than that of solid Ti.…”

Characterisation of AZ31 metal matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes

“…In the realm of MMC reinforcements, CNTs have gained significant attention due to their ability to enhance strength, stiffness, and possess high strength (30 GPa) and stiffness (1 TPa) 12 , 13 . Numerous studies have explored the reinforcement of Al, Mg, Ti, and their alloys using CNTs 11 , 14 , 15 . Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are gaining popularity as reinforcing agents in Magnesium (Mg) alloys due to their unique properties, including their nanoscale dimensions, low density, and high stiffness 16 – 18 .…”