“…Among prior studies investigating externalities of transportation (see, e.g., Miller and Moffet, 1993;Mauch and Rothengatter, 1995;IBI Group, 1995;Spellerberg, 1998;Ranaiefar and Regan, 2011), a predominate stream encloses initiatives to reduce emissions (e.g., carbon dioxide) from transportation by, for example, minimizing 'empty kilometers' (see, e.g., Demir et al, 2014b) or using 'greener' transportation modes (e.g., trains/barges compared with cars or trucks) (see, e.g., Forkenbrock, 2001;Black et al, 2003;Lawson, 2007;Zimmer and Schmied, 2008). While a few studies have paid attention to other externalities, the focus is limited on road transportation (see, e.g., Forkenbrock, 1999;Lindberg, 2002).…”