We have to talk about emotional AI and crime

Abstract

Emotional AI is an emerging technology used to make probabilistic predictions about the emotional states of people using data sources, such as facial (micro)-movements, body language, vocal tone or the choice of words. The performance of such systems is heavily debated and so are the underlying scientific methods that serve as the basis for many such technologies. In this article I will engage with this new technology, and with the debates and literature that surround it. Working at the intersection of criminology, policing, surveillance and the study of emotional AI this paper explores and offers a framework of understanding the various issues that these technologies present particularly to liberal democracies. I argue that these technologies should not be deployed within public spaces because there is only a very weak evidence-base as to their effectiveness in a policing and security context, and even more importantly represent a major intrusion to people’s private lives and also represent a worrying extension of policing power because of the possibility that intentions and attitudes may be inferred. Further to this, the danger in the use of such invasive surveillance for the purpose of policing and crime prevention in urban spaces is that it potentially leads to a highly regulated and control-oriented society. I argue that emotion recognition has severe impacts on the right to the city by not only undertaking surveillance of existing situations but also making inferences and probabilistic predictions about future events as well as emotions and intentions.

Artificial Intelligence Implementation to Counteract Cybercrimes Against Children in Pakistan

“…In this regard, it is important to create a national Artificial Intelligence strategy to create a primary framework to implement it for both public and private sector law enforcement organizations with a potential focus on children welfare and their rights (Global Information Security, 2019 ). The suggested softwares and models should be deployed and also identify suspicious activities through the suggested software models (See Gray et al, 2016 ; Podoletz, 2022 ; UNESCO, 2019 ). For this purpose, professionally trained individuals should be recruited.…”

“…The suggested softwares and models should be deployed and also identify suspicious activities through the suggested software models (See Gray et al, 2016 ; Podoletz, 2022 ; UNESCO, 2019 ). For this purpose, professionally trained individuals should be recruited.…”

“…Today, emerging security systems across the globe are attaining different ideas from several cyber events and utilizing them to identify threats, i.e., phishing and malware attacks. Podoletz ( 2022 ) noted that artificial intelligence automatically detects all the cyber threats or data breaches, which further alerts the systems to strengthen the cyber-security and counteract any potential invasion. As Rouhollahi ( 2021 ) argued, whatever form the Artificial Intelligence takes, technology will provide in-depth details of an event and ensure security against such incidents.…”

AI for decision support: What are possible futures, social impacts, regulatory options, ethical conundrums and agency constellations?

“…Purpose and working principle ADDS is a machine learning (ML) based system designed to identify deception 1 when crossing a state border (O'Shea et al 2018;Podoletz 2023). It has been dubbed an "AI Polygraph" or "AI lie detector" (Kaminski 2019, p. 178).…”

“…A major part of this criticism is an observed lack of scientific consensus on the assumption that deceptive intentions can be derived from microexpressions. In general terms, the epistemological criticism states that the use of deception detection systems is not justified unless there is widespread agreement on their theoretical foundations (Podoletz 2023(Podoletz , p. 1071. Given that Ekman assumes one can derive deceptive intentions from microexpressions, it is reasonable to ask whether there is disagreement among experts about his theory.…”