Waters of the Makarov and Canada basins

Swift, James H.; Jones, E. P.; Aagaard, Knut; Carmack, Eddy C.; Hingston, M.; Macdonald, Robie W.; McLaughlin, Fiona A.; Perkin, R. G.

doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(97)00055-6

Cited by 216 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

170

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Overall, these results are considered consistent with the propagation and magnitude of the 1990s warming reported in several studies (e.g. Swift et al, 1997;Morison et al, 1998;McLaughlin et al, 2009).…”

Section: Atlantic Watersupporting

confidence: 92%

Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Changes in the hydrography of the Arctic Ocean have recently been reported. The upper ocean has been freshening and pulses of warm Atlantic Water have been observed to spread into the Arctic Ocean. Although these changes have been intensively studied, salinity and temperature variations have less frequently been considered together. Here hydrographic observations, obtained by icebreaker expeditions conducted between 1991 and 2011, are analyzed and discussed. Five different water masses in the upper 1000 m of the water column are examined in five sub-basins of the Arctic Ocean. This allows for studying the variations of the distributions of the freshwater and heat contents in the Arctic Ocean not only in time but also laterally and vertically. In addition, the seasonal ice melt contribution is separated from the permanent, winter, freshwater content of the Polar Mixed Layer. Because the positions of the icebreaker stations vary between the years, the icebreaker observations are at each specific point in space and time compared with the Polar Science Center Hydrographic Climatology to separate the effects of space and time variability on the observations. The hydrographic melt water estimate is discussed and compared with the potential ice melt induced by atmospheric heat input estimated from the ERA–Interim and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. After a period of increased salinity in the upper ocean during the 1990s, both the Polar Mixed Layer and the upper halocline have been freshening. The increase in freshwater content in the Polar Mixed Layer is primarily driven by a decrease in salinity, not by changes in Polar Mixed Layer depth, whereas the freshwater is accumulating in the upper halocline mainly through the increasing thickness of the halocline. This is especially evident in the Northern Canada Basin, where the most substantial freshening is observed. The warming, and to some extent also the increase in salinity, of the Atlantic Water during the early 1990s extended from the Nansen Basin into the Amundsen and Makarov basins, while the warm and saline inflows occurring during the 2000s appear to be confined to the Nansen Basin, suggesting that the warm and saline inflow through Fram Strait largely recirculates in the Nansen Basin.

show abstract

Section: Atlantic Watersupporting

confidence: 92%

Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The timeseries run AWI-98 does not show this intense cooling. In contrast, it very well represents the warm water inflow, that has been observed in the early nineties (e.g., Carmack et al, 1995;Swift et al, 1997;McLaughlin et al, in press). An extremely cold state is also reached in the NYU-c run, where, as for AWI-c, the wind forcing is based on ECMWF analyses (1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Comparing modeled streamfunction, heat and freshwater content in the Arctic Ocean

Steiner¹,

Holloway²,

Gerdes

et al. 2004

Ocean Modelling

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Within the framework of the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project results from several coupled sea ice-ocean models are compared in order to investigate vertically integrated properties of the Arctic Ocean. Annual means and seasonal ranges of streamfunction, freshwater and heat content are shown. For streamfunction the entire water column is integrated. For heat and freshwater content integration is over the upper 1000 m. The study represents a step toward identifying differences among model approaches and will serve as a base for upcoming studies where all models will be executed with common forcing. In this first stage only readily available outputs are compared, while forcing as well as numerical parameterizations differ.The intercomparison shows streamfunctions differing in pattern and by several Sverdrups in magnitude. Differences occur as well for the seasonal range, where streamfunction is subject to large variability.Annual mean heat content, referenced to 0°C, in the Canada Basin varies from )3.5 to +1.8 GJ m À2 among the models, representing both colder and warmer solutions compared to the climatology. Seasonal range is highest in regions with seasonal or no ice cover.Corresponding freshwater content, referenced to 34.8 ppt, shows differences most obviously in the Beaufort Sea and Canada Basin where maximum values vary between 6 and 24 m for the individual models. Maxima in the seasonal range are related to river inflow.In the current stage of the project, applied windstress contributes significantly to the differences. However differences due to model resolutions and model parameterizations can already be detected.

show abstract

“…We also consider historical observational data gathered since 1991 to examine interannual variability of the Atlantic water temperature and its difference across the LR. These include data from the Oden '91 cruise Rudels et al, 1994], the AOS94 trans-Arctic section Swift et al, 1997], and the submarine observations of SCICEX 93, 95, 98 -2000[Morison et al, 1998 in Figure 1 show the sample regions on either side of the LR that are used in this study. These regions were chosen to include as much historical and contemporary observational data as possible, to represent the Atlantic water temperatures on each side of the LR.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature difference across the Lomonosov Ridge: Implications for the Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean

Kikuchi

Inoue

Morison

2005

Geophysical Research Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Drifting buoy observations in the Arctic Ocean indicate that, unlike climatological conditions, the temperature of the upper Atlantic water was higher in the Makarov Basin side of the Lomonosov Ridge than in the Amundsen Basin side in 2004. Hydrographic data from 1991 to 2004 has been compared with climatology to examine the relative phase of Atlantic water temperature change in these regions. On the Amundsen Basin side of the Lomonosov Ridge, a positive temperature anomaly in the Atlantic water began in the early 1990s, continued from the mid‐1990s to the early 2000s and started decreasing in 2004. In contrast, positive temperature anomalies were first apparent on the Makarov Basin side of the Lomonosov Ridge in 2000, and continue in 2004. Recent historical data indicates that the arrival of temperature anomalies on the Makarov Basin side of the Lomonosov Ridge is delayed about 7 years after arrival on the Amundsen Basin side. Our results support the idea that Atlantic Water circulates cyclonically around the periphery of the Makarov basin at a propagation speed of 1–2 cm s−1.

show abstract

Waters of the Makarov and Canada basins

Cited by 216 publications

References 25 publications

Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011

Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011

Comparing modeled streamfunction, heat and freshwater content in the Arctic Ocean

Temperature difference across the Lomonosov Ridge: Implications for the Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About