Waterborne giardiasis at a mountain resort: evidence for acquired immunity.

Istre, G R; Dunlop, T S; Gaspard, Guetchine; Hopkins, Richard S.

doi:10.2105/ajph.74.6.602

Cited by 78 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Humans with immunodeficiencies in the form of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and impaired IgA function have an increased risk of developing chronic Giardia infections (10,11). People living in areas where giardiasis is endemic, who are likely to have experienced numerous encounters with Giardia, are less prone to infection or reinfection, indicating that acquired immunity exists (12,13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Memory CD4 ⁺ T Cell Immune Responses against Giardia lamblia

Saghaug

Sørnes

Peirasmaki

et al. 2016

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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؉ EM T cells, as well as that of cells simultaneously producing both IL-17A and TNF-␣, to be significantly elevated in the Giardia-exposed individuals after 24 h of antigen stimulation. In supernatants of PBMCs stimulated with Giardia antigens for 6 days, we found inflammation-associated cytokines, including 1L-17A, as well as CD4 ؉ T cell activation and proliferation, to be significantly elevated in the Giardia-exposed individuals. We conclude that symptomatic Giardia infection in humans induces a CD4 ؉ EM T cell response of which IL-17A production seems to be an important component.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Memory CD4 ⁺ T Cell Immune Responses against Giardia lamblia

Saghaug

Sørnes

Peirasmaki

et al. 2016

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Cyst concentration in drinking water and parasite host specificity, infectivity, and virulence as well as population susceptibility are complex, interacting variables. Acquired immunity was noted in one study comparing attack rates of residents with those of visitors during a waterborne outbreak of giardiasis [27]. Another recent community study showed that residents with laboratory-confirmed giardiasis from one waterborne outbreak were much less likely to be infected in the second outbreak [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of chlorine on giardia cyst destruction isolated from different water sources in Maysan province

Al-Saad¹

2016

Int. J. Sci. World

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G. lamblia was a binucleate flagellated protozoan parasite that infected the upper intestinal tract of human and many animal species. Giardiasis was the most frequently diagnosed water borne disease and the major public health concern of water utilities in the developed and developing nations. Water is an important vehicle for the transmission of Giardia to human and mammals. For identified the effect of chlorine on Giardia cyst. To detect viability of cyst in different chlorine concentration. To determine the threshold level of chlorine concentration that caused cyst destruction. Measure the pH, chlorine concentration, filtration processes and examined by zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique using. 50% of samples contain Giardia cysts which are untreated water sources. Cyst viability differs in different chlorine concentration in different period of time extend from few hours to more than twenty days. The extreme chlorine concentration which caused cyst destruction in hours is 1.5 mg/L.

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“…É possível que um menor percentual entre adolescentes e adultos decorra da imunidade adquirida após exposições precoces e sucessivas, resultando em infecções assintomáticas. [21][22][23] A baixa dose infectante contribui para a rápida disseminação da infecção nos países pobres, e durante surtos epidêmi-cos, nos países desenvolvidos. O cisto viável ingerido é a forma infectante sendo capaz de sobreviver em ambiente externo adequado por longos períodos.…”

Section: Giardíaseunclassified