Waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak at a scouting camp caused by two norovirus genogroups: GI and GII

Waarbeek, Henriëtte L G Ter; Dukers-Muijrers, Nicole H. T. M.; Vennema, Harry; Hoebe, Christian J. P. A.

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.12.002

Cited by 50 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The probability of becoming infected increases with the dose, as was observed in volunteer studies and during outbreaks (de Wit et al, 2007;ter Waarbeek et al, 2010;Teunis et al, 2008;Visser et al, 2010).…”

Section: Dose-response Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 70%

Scientific Opinion on Norovirus (NoV) in oysters: methods, limits and control options

Publication¹

2012

EFSA Journal

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NoV is highly infectious, and there is no threshold infectivity limit for NoV detected by PCR. The probability of becoming infected increases with the dose but depends also on the characteristics of the organism, the food matrix and the host factors. The relationship between the number of infectious virus particles and the number of virus genome copies detected by quantitative PCR is not a constant, and it is important to realise that the infectious risk associated with low level positive oysters as determined by real‐time PCR may be overestimated. Quantitative data on viral load from areas compliant with current EU legislative requirements (E. coli standards) during January‐March 2010 in 3 selected member states, show that a viral limit of 100, 200, 500, 1000 or 10.000 NoV PCR copies would result in 33.6‐88.9%, 24.4‐83.3%, 10.0‐72.2%, 7.7‐44.4% or 0‐11.1% of non‐compliant batches, respectively. Compliance with any of the above NoV limits would reduce the number of contaminated oysters placed on the market and therefore the risk for consumers to become infected. It is currently not possible to quantify the public health impact of different limits. Microbiological criteria for NoV in oysters are useful for validation and verification of HACCP‐based processes and procedures, and can also be used by competent authorities as an additional control to improve risk management in production areas, during processing and retail. The Panel recommended that risk managers should consider establishing an acceptable limit for NoV in oysters to be harvested and placed on the market. NoV testing of oysters (standardized CEN method) should be used to verify compliance with the acceptable NoV limit established. The most effective public health measure to control human NoV infection from oyster consumption is to produce oysters from areas which are not faecally contaminated, particularly given the ineffectiveness of current depuration and relaying procedures.

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Section: Dose-response Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 70%

Scientific Opinion on Norovirus (NoV) in oysters: methods, limits and control options

Publication¹

2012

EFSA Journal

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“…The diversity of waterborne sources implicated in norovirus outbreaks ranges widely, indicating the ubiquitous distribution of the virus. Outbreaks have been linked to potable water sources at camps, municipal water systems, commercial ice consumption, and recreational water exposure during rafting and swimming (107)(108)(109)(110)(111)(112). While much of the water contamination is thought to come from discharge of wastewater into rivers, streams, and other bodies of water, the natural distribution of noroviruses in water systems has not been thoroughly explored.…”

Section: Waterborne Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus

2015

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SUMMARY Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae , is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.

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“…Water has been widely related to the transmission of viral infectious diseases (McKinney et al 2006;ter Waarbeek et al 2011;Riera-Montes et al 2011;Nenonen et al 2012). Consequently, the implementations of disinfection treatments such as chlorine and ultraviolet radiation are key processes for preventing the transmission of viral pathogens on a global scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UVC Inactivation of dsDNA and ssRNA Viruses in Water: UV Fluences and a qPCR-Based Approach to Evaluate Decay on Viral Infectivity

et al. 2014

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Disinfection by low-pressure monochromatic ultraviolet (UVC) radiation (253.7 nm) became an important technique to sanitize drinking water and also wastewater in tertiary treatments. In order to prevent the transmission of waterborne viral diseases, the analysis of the disinfection kinetics and the quantification of infectious viral pathogens and indicators are highly relevant and need to be addressed. The families Adenoviridae and Polyomaviridae comprise human and animal pathogenic viruses that have been also proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in water and as Microbial Source Tracking tools. While it has been previously suggested that dsDNA viruses may be highly resistant to UVC radiation compared to other viruses or bacteria, no information is available on the stability of polyomavirus toward UV irradiation. Here, the inactivation of dsDNA (HAdV2 and JCPyV) and ssRNA (MS2 bacteriophage) viruses was analyzed at increasing UVC fluences. A minor decay of 2-logs was achieved for both infectious JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and human adenoviruses 2 (HAdV2) exposed to a UVC fluence of 1,400 J/m(2), while a decay of 4-log was observed for MS2 bacteriophages (ssRNA). The present study reveals the high UVC resistance of dsDNA viruses, and the UV fluences needed to efficiently inactivate JCPyV and HAdV2 are predicted. Furthermore, we show that in conjunction with appropriate mathematical models, qPCR data may be used to accurately estimate virus infectivity.

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Waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak at a scouting camp caused by two norovirus genogroups: GI and GII

Cited by 50 publications

References 30 publications

Scientific Opinion on Norovirus (NoV) in oysters: methods, limits and control options

Scientific Opinion on Norovirus (NoV) in oysters: methods, limits and control options

Norovirus

UVC Inactivation of dsDNA and ssRNA Viruses in Water: UV Fluences and a qPCR-Based Approach to Evaluate Decay on Viral Infectivity

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