“…For these complexes, there is a requirement that saturation of all coordination bonds of the lanthanide cation is met, and this has been repeatedly confirmed by calculations based on the values of the luminescence lifetime in water and heavy water (D 2 O). To create these complexes, chromophores such as unsubstituted 2,2′-bipyridine [ 9 ], 7- tert -butyl-2-(2-pyridyl)-5 H -chromeno [2,3- b ]pyridin-5-one [ 10 ], 9-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline [ 11 , 12 ], and its 4,7-diphenyl derivative [ 13 ], as well as 10,11,12,13-tetrahydrodipyrido [3,2- a :2′,3′- c ]phenazine [ 10 ] and various aryl-containing 2,2′-bipyridines [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], have been used.…”