Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children

Microorganisms and viruses causing diarrhea in infants and primary school children and their relation with age and sex in Zakho city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

“…30,31 High rate (79.83%) of examined stool samples were positive for various types of microorganism some of them have more than one type of microorganisms, the highest rate of prevalence was with both bacteria and parasites (57.33and 57.00%, respectively), followed by viruses (10.33%) and only 1.16% of the samples contained fungi. In a similar study performed in Baghdad, a comparable rate of bacterial prevalence (58.33%) was reported among children, 16 while in a study in Duhok, higher rate of bacterial prevalence which was 81.61 % with high rates of E. coli and Kleibsiella spp.…”

Water sanitation and hygiene in the schools of rural field practice area of Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Vijayapur

“…3 Soil transmitted helminthic infections are strongly associated with open air defecation and the use of fresh excreta or wastewater in agriculture. About 1 billion people practise open air defecation especially in rural areas.…”

“…About 1 billion people practise open air defecation especially in rural areas. 3 Children are at greater risk of infection because of their lower immunity. Literature on hand hygiene reveals that hand washing with soap will reduce all the microorganisms.…”

Factors Contributing to Diarrheal Diseases among Children Less than Five Years in Nyarugenge District, Rwanda

“…Globally, diarrhoea remains the second most common cause of death among children under five years [2]. There are an estimated 1.7 billion cases of diarrhoea with an average of 2.9 episodes/child/year, and an estimated 1.87 million deaths among children under five years [3]. It constitutes a major burden in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) where it is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age with 90% of all diarrhea-related deaths [4].…”