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, to provide a permanent Federal agency to conduct the systematic and scientific "classification of die public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of national domain." An integral part of mat original mission includes publishing and disseminating the earth-science information needed to understand, to plan the use of, and to manage the Nation's energy, land, mineral, and water resources. Since 1879, the research and fact-finding role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has grown and has been modified to meet the changing needs of the Nation it serves. As part of the evolution, the USGS has become the Federal Government's largest earthscience research agency, the Nation's largest civilian map-making agency, the primary source of data on the Nation's surfacewater and groundwater resources, and the employer of the largest number of professional earth scientists in the Nation. Today' s programs serve a diversity of needs and users. Programs include: Conducting detailed assessments of the energy and mineral potential of land and offshore areas. Investigating and issuing warnings of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and other geologic and hydrologic hazards. Conducting research on the geologic structure of land and offshore areas. Studying the geologic features, structure, processes, and history of the other planets of our solar system. Conducting topographic surveys and preparing topographic and thematic maps and related cartographic products. Developing and producing digital cartographic data bases and products. Collecting data on a routine basis to determine the quantity, quality, and use of surface water and ground water. Conducting water-resource appraisals to describe the consequences of alternative plans for developing land and water resources. Conducting research in hydraulics and hydrology, and coordinating all Federal water-data acquisition. Using remotely sensed data to develop new cartographic, geologic, and hydrologic research techniques for natural resources planning and management. Providing earth-science information through an extensive publications program and a network of public access points. Along with its continuing commitment to meet the growing and changing earth-science needs of the Nation, the USGS remains dedicated to its original mission to collect, analyze, interpret, publish, and disseminate information about the natural resources of the Nation providing "Earth science in the public service.
(Limit: 200 words)Ground water was pumped into Cedar Lake, a kettle lake with no surface inlet or outlet, to evaluate the feasibility of maintaining water levels of lakes in the glaciated kettle moraine area of eastern Wisconsin. The lake is located in a local recharge area within a shallow aquifer system composed of unconsolidated glacial drift of Quaternary age and consolidated bedrock of Silurian age.A water budget for Cedar Lake showed an average inflow of 1*5 inches per year, including precipitation on the lake surface (28 inches), ground-water seepage to the lake (2 inches), and overland flow (15 inches) to the lake. Outflow averaged approximately Up inches per year, and consisted of evaporation (31 inches) from the lake surface and ground-water seepage from the lake (l8 inches).A volume of water equivalent to that needed to raise the lake level 1*7 inches was pumped from the shallow aquifer system into Cedar Lake between February 1 and September 30, 1977. The water budget for the lake during this period indicated that approximately 90 percent of pumped water was either recycled from the lake to the well or otherwise lost as seepage from the lake. Document Analysis a. DescriptorsLakes, Hydrologic budget k.Generalized stratigraphy and aquifer characteristics Summary of chemical analyses of rainfall, lake water, and ground water Water budget for Cedar Lake-11 21 Measured phytoplankton population at site A, 197^-77 33 CONVERSION FACTORSThe following factors may be used to convert the inch-pound units to the International System of units (Si). ABSTRACTCedar Lake, a kettle lake with no surface inlet or outlet, was studied to evaluate the feasibility of maintaining water levels of lakes in the glaciated kettle moraine area of eastern Wisconsin by pumping ground water into them. The general hydrogeology of the area around the lake was defined and the hydrology of the lake was studied in detail.There are two aquifer systems in the Cedar Lake area, and in general, throughout eastern Wisconsin. The shallow aquifer system is composed of unconsolidated glacial drift of Quaternary age and consolidated bedrock of Silurian age. Cedar Lake is located in a local recharge area within this system. The saturated thicknesses of the glacial drift and Silurian dolomite beneath the lake are approximately 100 feet and 500 feet, respectively. This aquifer system is separated from an underlying aquifer system by a layer of shale approximately '200 feet thick that forms an effective barrier to water movement. The deep aquifer system is composed of dolomites and sandstones of Ordovician and Cambrian age whose composite thickness is 600 to 650 feet.A water budget was prepared to quantify the components of the hydrologic system of Cedar Lake. Inflow to the lake averaged approximately ^5 inches per water year for the 2-year period October 197^ through September 1976. Inflow consisted of precipitation on the lake surface (28 inches), groundwater seepage to the lake (2 inches), and overland flow (15 inches) to the lake. Outflow ...
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