Water Residence Time

McGuire, K. J.

doi:10.1002/047147844x.sw1136

Water Encyclopedia 2005

DOI: 10.1002/047147844x.sw1136

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Water Residence Time

K. J. McGuire

Abstract: Water residence time provides a fundamental characterization to a hydrologic system and conceptually describes storage. Residence time is often used to supplement or validate hydrologic models of catchments and groundwater systems. Water residence time also has important implications for water quality because many chemical reactions in the environment are time‐dependent. In this chapter, lumped parameter modeling approaches are described to estimate water residence times using environmental tracers. Environmen… Show more

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Cited by 4 publications

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Mechanistic assessment of hillslope transpiration controls of diel subsurface flow: a steady‐state irrigation approach

et al. 2010

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Mechanistic assessment of how transpiration influences subsurface flow is necessary to advance understanding of catchment hydrology. We conducted a 24-day, steady-state irrigation experiment to quantify the relationships among soil moisture, transpiration and hillslope subsurface flow. Our objectives were to: (1) examine the time lag between maximum transpiration and minimum hillslope discharge with regard to soil moisture; (2) quantify the relationship between diel hillslope discharge and daily transpiration; and (3) identify the soil depth from which trees extract water for transpiration. An 8 ð 20 m hillslope was irrigated at a rate of 3Ð6 mm h 1 . Diel fluctuations in hillslope discharge persisted throughout the experiment. Pre-irrigation time lags between maximum transpiration and minimum hillslope discharge were 6Ð5 h, whereas lags during steady-state and post-irrigation conditions were 4 and 2 h, respectively. The greatest correlation between transpiration and hillslope discharge occurred during the post-irrigation period, when the diel reduction in hillslope discharge totalled 90% of total measured daily transpiration. Daily transpiration of trees within the irrigated area remained relatively constant throughout the experiment. Diel fluctuations in soil moisture were greatest at a depth of 0Ð9-1Ð2 m prior to irrigation and became more uniform throughout the soil profile during and post-irrigation. This study clearly demonstrates that when soil moisture is high, hillslope trees can be an important factor in diel fluctuations in stream discharge. We advance a conceptual model for the site whereby the relationship between transpiration and hillslope discharge is a function of soil moisture status and drainable porosity.

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Mechanistic assessment of hillslope transpiration controls of diel subsurface flow: a steady‐state irrigation approach

et al. 2010

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Investigating hydrologic controls on 26 Precambrian shield catchments using landscape, isotope tracer and flow metrics

Tafvizi

James

Yao

et al. 2022

Hydrological Processes

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Although many studies focus on catchment classification, hydrologists are challenged to find the most important variables for a meaningful catchment classification, especially in the heterogeneous environment of the Precambrian Shield. This study investigates landscape controls on hydrologic response by conducting a catchment classification of 26 catchments located within two Precambrian Shield watersheds (Sturgeon-French-Nipissing [SNF] and Muskoka) in central and Northeastern Ontario, Canada, using combinations of landscape characteristics (e.g. topography, geology, landcover), hydrometric variables, and stable isotopes of δ 18 O and δ 2 H in river flow. Weekly to monthly surveys of δ 18 O and δ 2 H in river flow were collected between 2013 and 2019. Flow metrics (e.g. Pardé coefficient and coefficient of variation of streamflow) were generated for 14 of the 26 rivers between 2008 and 2018. Principal component analyses (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC) analyses were used to identify variables controlling catchment clustering according to their similarities for four different scenarios. Despite their similar location along the southern edge of the Precambrian Shield, the 26 catchments generally clustered by watershed (SNF and Muskoka) with some exceptions. Differencesin wetland and lake area (%), mean slope, and % area covered by glacialacustrine and glaciofluvial outwash deposits were the most influential variables in catchment classification. A positive correlation between % wetland area and streamflow stable isotope damping ratios suggests greater % wetland area (with shallow and potentially seasonally variable surface areas and/or hydrologic connection) observed in the SNF catchments increases variability in the influence of evaporative enrichment in SNF catchments. The catchment classification analyses in combination with stable isotopes of δ 18 O and δ 2 H were functional tools to investigate the combined influences of diverse types of catchment characteristics that lead to differences in hydrometric response. These results could support future studies focusing on generating hydrologic models and representing wetlands connectivity in the region.

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Catchment responses to plausible parameters and input data under equifinality in distributed rainfall‐runoff modeling

Lee

Tachikawa

Sayama³

et al. 2011

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:In a hydrological simulation using a complex model, equifinality is likely to occur in many different ways, due to various sources associated with the model structure, parameter as well as data uncertainties involved in modeling process. This study aims to demonstrate the equifinality problem in streamflow prediction with a distributed rainfall-runoff model and also investigate the effect of parameter and input uncertainties on an internal catchment response in time and space under the equifinality condition. For this objective, several experiments were carried out step by step as follows. First, we estimated plausible parameter sets, which lead to similarly good objective function values, using the shuffled complex evolution metropolis (SCEM-UA) algorithm and also generated plausible input scenarios with different spatial patterns from radar rainfall field, which showed minimum runoff errors. Then, we adopted a computational tracer method based on a time-space accounting scheme, combined with a distributed model for analyzing how a catchment behaves under a given equifinality condition by parameter and input uncertainties. It was found that the global responses of a catchment to the predefined equifinality factors were very similar; all simulated hydrographs were almost identical in spite of the different model parameter values and different spatial patterns of rainfall data. On the other hand, the internal catchment responses, tracked by the computational tracer method, were sensitive to plausible scenarios. The results of the internal catchment behavior show that the distributed rainfall-runoff model has multiple alternative flow pathways, providing identical hydrographs in time and space when the rainfall over the catchment transforms into runoff. Our approach can be used to understand catchment responses to various uncertainty sources by visualizing the spatiotemporal runoff generation process at the watershed scale.

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Water Residence Time

Cited by 4 publications

References 52 publications

Mechanistic assessment of hillslope transpiration controls of diel subsurface flow: a steady‐state irrigation approach

Mechanistic assessment of hillslope transpiration controls of diel subsurface flow: a steady‐state irrigation approach

Investigating hydrologic controls on 26 Precambrian shield catchments using landscape, isotope tracer and flow metrics

Catchment responses to plausible parameters and input data under equifinality in distributed rainfall‐runoff modeling

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