Water Injection Contribution to Enabling Stoichiometric Air-to-Fuel Ratio Operation at Rated Power Conditions of a High-Performance DISI Single Cylinder Engine

Paltrinieri, Stefano; Berni, Fabio; Silvestri, Nicola; Rolando, Luciano; Medda, Massimo; Corrigan, Dáire James

doi:10.4271/2019-24-0173

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Furthermore, such a percentage rises along with the increase in the injected water and achieves a value around 15% with a Water-to-Fuel ratio equal to 90%. In accordance with previous findings [29,31,33], these results evidence a poor efficiency of PWI system in reducing the charge air temperature.…”

Section: Calibration Of Evaporation Modelsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In a previous work of the authors [30], issues related to both liquid film formation and oil dilution were discussed. Paltrinieri et al [31] analyzed through both a numerical simulation and experimental activities the effects on engine performance of several calibrations of a Port Water Injection system integrated in a single cylinder high specific power engine. The potential of a PWI system was also demonstrated in [32], where a two cylinder turbocharged spark ignition engine could be operated at a stoichiometric Air-to-Fuel (A/F) ratio in a wide range of operating conditions at high loads with a significant reduction in the Indicated Fuel Consumption (ISFC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methodological Approach for 1D Simulation of Port Water Injection for Knock Mitigation in a Turbocharged DISI Engine

2020

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In the upcoming years, more challenging CO2 emission targets along with the introduction of more severe Real Driving Emissions limits are expected to foster the development and the exploitation of innovative technologies to further improve the efficiency of automotive Spark Ignition (SI) engines. Among these technologies, Water Injection (WI), thanks to its knock mitigation capabilities, can represent a valuable solution, although it may significantly increase the complexity of engine design and calibration. Since, to tackle such a complexity, reliable virtual development tools seem to be mandatory, this paper aims to describe a quasi-dimensional approach to model a Port Water Injection (PWI) system integrated in a Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition (T-DISI) engine. Through a port-puddling model calibrated with 3D-CFD data, the proposed methodology was proven to be able to properly replicate transient phenomena of water wall film formation, catching cycle by cycle the amount of water that enters into the cylinder and is therefore available for knock mitigation. Moreover, when compared with experimental measurements under steady state operating conditions, this method showed good capabilities to predict the impact of the water content on the combustion process and on the knock occurrence likelihood.

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Section: Calibration Of Evaporation Modelsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Approach for 1D Simulation of Port Water Injection for Knock Mitigation in a Turbocharged DISI Engine

2020

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“…In this frame, water injection technology can be used as an alternative way to control the charge temperature at the end of the intake process and during the combustion phase, thus reducing the risk of abnormal combustion in downsized and highly boosted GDI engines. Water injection can potentially enable λ = 1 operation in high-load and highspeed operation, even adopting high compression ratios [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], thereby gaining significant benefits in terms of engine efficiency while preserving the after-treatment system efficacy in controlling exhaust emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the tested PWI configuration, P inj was varied in the range of 5-20 bar,g, but no details about the resulting spray characteristics were reported. In [12], Paltrinieri et al experimentally investigated the application of a PWI system operated at P inj = 7 bar,g and T w = 55 • C for a single-cylinder research engine with water-to-fuel ratios up to 60%. Different injector designs and positions along the inlet duct were used to explore the actuation timing effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Analysis of Water Pressure and Temperature Influence on Atomization and Evolution of a Port Water Injection Spray

Postrioti

Brizi²,

Finori

2021

Applied Sciences

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Port water injection (PWI) is considered one of the most promising technologies to actively control the increased knock tendency of modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, which are rapidly evolving with the adoption of high compression ratios and increased brake mean effective pressure levels in the effort to improve their thermal efficiency. For PWI technology, appropriately matching the spray evolution and the intake system design along with obtaining a high spray atomization quality, are crucial tasks for promoting water evaporation so as to effectively cool down the air charge with moderate water consumption and lubricant dilution drawbacks. In the present paper, a detailed experimental analysis of a low-pressure water spray is presented, covering a lack of experimental data on automotive PWI systems. Phase doppler anemometry and fast-shutter spray imaging allowed us to investigate the influence exerted by the injection pressure level and by the water temperature on spray drop size and global shape, obtaining a complete database to be used for the optimization of PWI systems. The obtained results evidence how significant benefits in terms of atomization quality can be obtained by adopting injection pressure and water temperature levels compliant with standard low injection pressure technologies.

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“…The mixture is initialized homogeneously, and the effects of water wall film formation, water inhomogeneity, water–oil dilution and incomplete water vaporization are not considered. Those effects are stated to be important for the efficiency of water injection, 23,51,52 and the predicted trends in this work can be changed by those effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Gasoline engine performance simulation of water injection and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation using tabulated chemistry

Franken

Mauß

Seidel³

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

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This work presents the assessment of direct water injection in spark-ignition engines using single cylinder experiments and tabulated chemistry-based simulations. In addition, direct water injection is compared with cooled low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation at full load operation. The analysis of the two knock suppressing and exhaust gas cooling methods is performed using the quasi-dimensional stochastic reactor model with a novel dual fuel tabulated chemistry model. To evaluate the characteristics of the autoignition in the end gas, the detonation diagram developed by Bradley and co-workers is applied. The single cylinder experiments with direct water injection outline the decreasing carbon monoxide emissions with increasing water content, while the nitrogen oxide emissions indicate only a minor decrease. The simulation results show that the engine can be operated at λ = 1 at full load using water–fuel ratios of up to 60% or cooled low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation rates of up to 30%. Both technologies enable the reduction of the knock probability and the decrease in the catalyst inlet temperature to protect the aftertreatment system components. The strongest exhaust temperature reduction is found with cooled low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation. With stoichiometric air–fuel ratio and water injection, the indicated efficiency is improved to 40% and the carbon monoxide emissions are reduced. The nitrogen oxide concentrations are increased compared to the fuel-rich base operating conditions and the nitrogen oxide emissions decrease with higher water content. With stoichiometric air–fuel ratio and exhaust gas recirculation, the indicated efficiency is improved to 43% and the carbon monoxide emissions are decreased. Increasing the exhaust gas recirculation rate to 30% drops the nitrogen oxide emissions below the concentrations of the fuel-rich base operating conditions.

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Water Injection Contribution to Enabling Stoichiometric Air-to-Fuel Ratio Operation at Rated Power Conditions of a High-Performance DISI Single Cylinder Engine

Cited by 18 publications

References 35 publications

Methodological Approach for 1D Simulation of Port Water Injection for Knock Mitigation in a Turbocharged DISI Engine

Methodological Approach for 1D Simulation of Port Water Injection for Knock Mitigation in a Turbocharged DISI Engine

Experimental Analysis of Water Pressure and Temperature Influence on Atomization and Evolution of a Port Water Injection Spray

Gasoline engine performance simulation of water injection and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation using tabulated chemistry

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