Water hazes in hydrocarbon liquids

Hermanie, P.H.J; Waarden, M. van der

doi:10.1016/0095-8522(66)90049-3

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Free water can be present at much higher concentrations than dissolved water. In turn, free water can either exist as fine droplet “hazes” generated by nucleation processes, for example, by cooling water-saturated fuel, or as coarser droplets resulting from dispersion of bulk water in the fuel as a result of turbulence generated, for example, in pumps or valves during handling. The filtration and coalescence processes mentioned above remove the free water, leaving dissolved water unaffected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solubility of water in jet fuel is typically in the range of 50À100 ppm at 25 °C, but is highly dependent on temperature and fuel composition. 2 If the water concentration exceeds the solubility limit at any given temperature, it necessarily exists as a separate phase and is classed as free water. Free water can be present at much higher concentrations than dissolved water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dispersed Water and Particulates in Jet Fuel: Size Analysis under Operational Conditions and Application to Coalescer Disarming

Clark

Smith

Threadgold

et al. 2011

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Jet fuel cleanliness, in terms of dispersed water and dirt, is of paramount importance to ensure aviation safety. In this study, a process image analyzer has been used to determine size distributions of dispersed water droplets and real and standard test dust particulates in jet fuel, both in the laboratory and under representative full-scale operational conditions. The technique is also applied to monitoring water droplet coalescence in a filter-water separator in the presence of a surfactant known to cause coalescer disarming, again under simulated operational conditions. The measured water and dirt count (number) distributions are exclusively log-normal, whereas corresponding volume size distributions show deviations from log-normal behavior as a result of contributions from the relatively small number of larger particles or aggregated droplet clusters, highlighting the importance of volume-based size analyses. Distinguishing between dispersed water droplets and solid particles has been demonstrated quantitatively, using a cosolvent to solubilize the contribution from free water droplets.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersed Water and Particulates in Jet Fuel: Size Analysis under Operational Conditions and Application to Coalescer Disarming

Clark

Smith

Threadgold

et al. 2011

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Either a nozzle or a perforated plate may be used for liquid injection (Hermanie and Van der Waarden, 1966). Either a nozzle or a perforated plate may be used for liquid injection (Hermanie and Van der Waarden, 1966).…”

Section: A Mixingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsification of Secondary Oil/Water Dispersions Using a Centrifugal Pump

Ibrahim¹,

Maloka²

2006

Petroleum Science and Technology

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The present work is concerned with secondary oil/water dispersions. A simple but effective method of producing secondary dispersions continuously is to pass the bulk phases through a centrifugal pump with a by-pass circuit. The oil/water secondary dispersions produced by the centrifugal pump (e.g., a Stuart Turner No. 12 stainless steel centrifugal pump with maximum flow rate of 54.1 liters/minute) were analyzed at regular intervals during an experiment to ascertain the drop size distribution. New techniques were developed for measurement of drop size distribution of secondary dispersions using a laser particle size analyzer, which consisted of a (He/Ne) laser emitter and laser receiver and lenses. The laser particle size analyzer was fixed directly to the experimental equipment by using a specially designed circular cell. The measurement of drop size distribution was done by a computer system with application software package. The new mean drop diameter (i.e., d21) equation has been derived theoretically and the results that were predicted from this equation exhibited a maximum error of ± 16% from the experimental data.

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“…Samples of polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene with a narrow range of size have provided convenient systems for testing the practicality of using the specific turbidity for particle size analysis (7, 16, 39, 55). Hermanie and van der Waarden (26) have used the specific turbidity method to estimate the average drop size of water hazes in hydrocarbon liquids for which m < 1. According to Walton and Hlabse (59), the specific turbidity at two wavelengths leads to good estimates of the size of irregularly shaped particles such as those found in barium sulfate hydrosols.…”

Section: Large Spheresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light Scattering

Kerker¹

1968

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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Water hazes in hydrocarbon liquids

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Dispersed Water and Particulates in Jet Fuel: Size Analysis under Operational Conditions and Application to Coalescer Disarming

Dispersed Water and Particulates in Jet Fuel: Size Analysis under Operational Conditions and Application to Coalescer Disarming

Emulsification of Secondary Oil/Water Dispersions Using a Centrifugal Pump

Light Scattering

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