Light Scattering

Kerker, Milton.

doi:10.1021/ie50706a006

Cited by 26 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 33 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Light scattering refers to the phenomenon that a portion of light propagates deviating from the original direction when light passes through the medium with discrete variations in the refractive index. 101 Scattering is divided into incoherent scattering (uncertain phase of incident and scattered light) (Figure 10a) and coherent scattering (determined phase of incident and scattered light) (Figure 10b). 102 Herein, we focus on incoherent scattering.…”

Section: Generation Of Optical Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Biomineralization of Organic Photonic Crystalline Materials: Ultrastructure, Formation Mechanism, and Optical Function

De,

Tao,

Tang

et al. 2024

Chem. Mater.

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Section: Generation Of Optical Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Biomineralization of Organic Photonic Crystalline Materials: Ultrastructure, Formation Mechanism, and Optical Function

De,

Tao,

Tang

et al. 2024

Chem. Mater.

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Voids as a source of haze in weathered poly(2,2,4,4‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐cyclobutylene carbonate)

Niegisch¹

1969

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisLong-term weathering studies of the subject transparent thermoplastic polymer revealed that sheets extruded from pristine resin gradually became hazy. Electron microscopy of fracture surfaces showed that minute voids were created during outdoor exposure. By the application of the Mie light scattering theory, it was possible to calculate that the average void size was 4 X l o 3 A and that the concentration of voids numbered about lOB/mm3. Yet the total void volume of the poorest sample, which had a haze value of 26%, was less than 0.05%. The average void size decreased over a three-year period, but the concentration increased with exposure. A mechanism of void formation was formulated based on photo-induced molecular degradation. Chemical evidence suggests that molecular degradation occurs by complete unzippering of a molecule, resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide and 2,2,4-trimethylpentene-3-a1. The aldehyde is believed to plasticize the polymer in the vicinity of a growing void and the carbon dioxide acts as a blowing agent, thereby generating a void. Simultaneously, free radicals formed during molecular decomposition initiate further degradation of neighboring molecules. The propensity of this resin to haze can be effectively overcome by suitable cleanup and stabilization procedures.

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Regioselektive Funktionalisierung nicht aktivierter CH‐Bindungen, 3. Synthese und Eigenschaften photoreaktiver, amphiphiler Benzophenonderivate

Gogoll

Schäfer

1987

Liebigs Ann. Chem.

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h i untcrschicdlich substituicrte Benmphenon4carhonss?uren 1 e. 1 6, 1 b und blyistinsiure (28) als anionische. cinkcttigc hmphipliilc soaie h e r von t e und 2s rnit quartiren P-Aminoalboholcn nls Vettrcter cinkettigcr (1 I. 2el und mcihettttiger (3b. 3c. 3d. 3~) k a h i i s c h w Amphiphilo wurdcn a d ihn: Aggcgdtbildung :n v,SUrigcr I-iisung untcnucht. Wihrend die cinkzttigen Amphiphilr in micellarcr 1.6sung idealc Mischbarkeit ieigcn. wird im Kill< Jcr mciktttigcii Amphiphile 3b und 3e in Ihpplschichtqigrcgattxi Iktmiuchung becrbnchtet. Amphiphilt rnit knzophe-:ionssgrncnten riihrcn gcgenubcr solchen rnit rcincn Alkylkcttcn i3e) /ut Senlung dcr Phawnumwandlungstcmpcratur, der Mil-Jtiiig b1c.intrr.r d e r wenigcr stahilor Vesikel odcr terhindern \ dlig dic: V~uikc.lhildung.Die photochemische Reaktion zwischen Benzophenon-Derivaten und aliphatischen Carbonsauren oder Alkoholen ermoglicht die regioselektive Funktionalisierung flexibler Alkylketten*). Durch Einbau der Reaktanden in Micellen3) oder Doppel~chichten~) kann die konformative Beweglichkeit der Alkylketten vermindert und die Selektivitat erhoht werden. Verglichen rnit biologischen Systemen'), sind die erhaltenen Selektivitaten aber noch maDig. Bisher wurde das Aggregationsverhalten der verwendeten Amphiphile praktisch nicht charakterisiert 'I. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten deshalb amphiphile, in photochemischen Funktionalisierungsreaktionen einsetzbare Reaktanden auf ihr Verhalten in waoriger Losung hin untersucht werden. Besonderes Augenmerk lag dabei auf der Mischbarkeit Benzophenonhaltiger Reagenzien mit Substraten, die Alkylketten enthalten, und auf der Beeinflussung charakteristischer Parameter der gebildeten Aggregate, wie der kritischen Micellarkonzentration (CMC) und der Phasenumwandlungstemperatur von Doppelschichtmembranen, durch das Benzophenonsegment. Darstellung der AmphiphileDie Verseifung von 1 a6) lieferte uber das schwerlosliche Kaliumsalz 53% 1 b. Das daraus rnit Thionylchlorid zugangliche Saurechlorid l c wurde rnit Hexylbenzol und AlC13 zu 80% Id umgesetzt, dessen Verseifung 80% l e ergab. Friedel-Crafts-Acylierung von Toluol rnit dem Saurechlorid 1 c fuhrte analog zu 49% 1 f, das zu 1 g verseift wurde. 1 h war durch Chromtrioxid-Oxidation von 4-Methylbenzophenon zuganglich '! RegimMve Functionatition of honactivated Ct LBO&. 3". -Synthesis and Properties of Photoreactive, Amphi#& Bwzophemme CompormdR Three differently substituted benmyhcnunz~wrbo~ylc acids 1 am. lg, 1 b and myristic acid 12aF rcprcscnting anionic. singlc-chaiii amphiphilcs. and cstws of l e and 2e kith quatcrnid [Lamint, alcohols as cxamptcs of single-chain 4 1 I. 2el ;ind doublc-cli;iui Qb. 3c, 3d, 3 e) cationic amphiphiles wcre examined with rcg;ird to tiicir agpgation hchmiour ixi aqicous wlufioxi. White flitsingle-chain amphiphilm showed ideal iniscihiliip in niiwllai $0lution, separation was observed for rhr. double-chain mipliipliilr., 3 b and 3e in hilaycrs. Amphiphilcs with kntophcnonc sqmcnts. compared to those with onl) alkJl chains 13e). I d to it lo...

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Light Scattering

Cited by 26 publications

References 33 publications

Emerging Biomineralization of Organic Photonic Crystalline Materials: Ultrastructure, Formation Mechanism, and Optical Function

Emerging Biomineralization of Organic Photonic Crystalline Materials: Ultrastructure, Formation Mechanism, and Optical Function

Voids as a source of haze in weathered poly(2,2,4,4‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐cyclobutylene carbonate)

Regioselektive Funktionalisierung nicht aktivierter CH‐Bindungen, 3. Synthese und Eigenschaften photoreaktiver, amphiphiler Benzophenonderivate

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