Water Footprint Assessment of Selected Polymers, Polymer Blends, Composites, and Biocomposites for Industrial Application

Korol, Jerzy; Hejna, Aleksander; Burchart-Korol, Dorota; Chmielnicki, B.; Wypior, K.

doi:10.3390/polym11111791

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…All these features contribute to the product's final properties and the choice of the manufacturing technique. In recent years, even if the price criteria are still crucial at the stage of project and manufacturing on the large-scale, more attention has been paid to the sustainability of individual components that make up the final carbon and water footprint of a product [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of the Reinforcement Type Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties and Burning of Epoxy-Based Composites

et al. 2021

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Aramid (AF), glass (GF), carbon (CF), basalt (BF), and flax (FF) fibers in the form of fabrics were used to produce the composites by hand-lay up method. The use of fabrics of similar grammage for composites’ manufacturing allowed for a comprehensive comparison of the properties of the final products. The most important task was to prepare a complex setup of mechanical and thermomechanical properties, supplemented by fire behavior analysis, and discuss both characteristics in their application range. The mechanical properties were investigated using tensile and flexural tests, as well as impact strength measurement. The investigation was improved by assessing thermomechanical properties under dynamic deformation conditions (dynamic mechanical–thermal analysis (DMTA)). All products were subjected to a fire test carried out using a cone calorimeter (CC).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of the Reinforcement Type Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties and Burning of Epoxy-Based Composites

et al. 2021

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“…They stand for 86%, 94%, and 99.6%, respectively, of carbon, ecological, and water footprints. Such a high share of irrigation in the total value of the water footprint of cotton fibers was discussed in our previous work and the works of other research groups [49,58,59].…”

Section: Carbonmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…For the presented work, data were collected from scientific publications as well as reports and databases including Ecoinvent database v 3.1. This information was also provided in our previous work [49]. The data available in the Ecoinvent database are developed based on technological data obtained from companies, industrial associations, and research institutes operating on the market.…”

Section: Input Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Carbon, Ecological, and Water Footprints of Polypropylene-Based Composites Filled with Cotton, Jute and Kenaf Fibers

et al. 2020

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Composites containing natural fibers are considered environmentally friendly materials which is related to the reduced use of fossil fuels and the emission of carbon dioxide compared to petroleum-based polymers. Nevertheless, a complete evaluation of their environmental impact requires a broader view. This paper presents a carbon, ecological, and water footprints assessment of polypropylene-based composites filled with cotton, jute, and kenaf fibers based on a standardized European pallet (EUR-pallet) case study. Obtained results were compared with unmodified polypropylene and composite with glass fibers. Incorporation of 30 wt% of cotton, jute, and kenaf fibers into a polypropylene matrix reduced its carbon footprint by 3%, 18%, and 18%, respectively. Regarding the ecological footprint, an 8.2% and 9.4% reduction for jute and kenaf fibers were noted, while for cotton fibers, its value increased by 52%. For these footprints, the use of jute and kenaf fibers was more beneficial than glass fibers. Nevertheless, the application of natural fibers caused a 286%, 758%, and 891% drastic increase of water footprint of the final product, which was mainly affected by cultivation and irrigation of crops. Therefore, in a holistic view, the incorporation of natural fibers into the polypropylene matrix definitely cannot be impartially considered as an environmentally friendly solution.

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“…The amount of void in the RH-rHDPE foam was represented as void fraction (V f ) and cell density (N f ), which is the number of cells per unit volume, and calculated using Equations (1) and (2). The average cell size (d) was calculated using Equation (3) [29,34].…”

Section: Cell Size Density and Morphology Of The Hr/rhdpe Composite mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fabricating high-performance polymer matrix composites has been explored tremendously, and the current inventions are moving towards green technology, which has minimum emission of toxic materials and is environmentally friendly. Pertaining to this situation, numerous studies have reported on the production of natural fibre-reinforced polymer composite, particularly in polymer matrix composites [1,2]. Polymer matrix composites form the preferred group of advanced materials in structural applications, such as in aerospace, construction or automotive parts, due to their high specificity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Porous Recycled HDPE Biocomposites Foam: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Contents and Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties

et al. 2020

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In this study, a biodegradable, cheap and durable recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) polymer reinforced with rice husk (RH) fibre was fabricated into a foam structure through several processes, including extrusion, internal mixing and hot pressing. The effect of filler loading on the properties of the foam and the influence of RH surface treatments on the filler–matrix adhesion and mechanical properties of the composite foam were investigated. The morphological examination shows that 50 wt.% filler content resulted in an effective dispersion of cells with the smallest cell size (58.3 µm) and the highest density (7.62 × 1011 sel/cm3). This small cell size benefits the mechanical properties. Results indicate that the tensile strength and the Young’s modulus of the alkali-treated RH/rHDPE composite foam are the highest amongst the treatments (10.83 MPa and 858 MPa, respectively), followed by UV/O3, which has shown considerable increments compared with the untreated composite. The flexural and impact tests also show the increment in strength for the composite foam after chemical treatment. Although the UV/O3 surface treatment has minor influence on the mechanical enhancement of the composite foam, this method may be a reliable surface treatment of the fibre-reinforced composite.

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Water Footprint Assessment of Selected Polymers, Polymer Blends, Composites, and Biocomposites for Industrial Application

Cited by 28 publications

References 45 publications

Comparative Study of the Reinforcement Type Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties and Burning of Epoxy-Based Composites

Comparative Study of the Reinforcement Type Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties and Burning of Epoxy-Based Composites

Comparative Analysis of Carbon, Ecological, and Water Footprints of Polypropylene-Based Composites Filled with Cotton, Jute and Kenaf Fibers

Fabrication of Porous Recycled HDPE Biocomposites Foam: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Contents and Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties

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