Fabrication of Porous Recycled HDPE Biocomposites Foam: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Contents and Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties

Azam, Farah Atiqah Abdul; Royan, Nishata Royan Rajendran; Yuhana, Nor Yuliana; Radzuan, Nabilah Afiqah Mohd; Ahmad, Sahrim; Sulong, Abu Bakar

doi:10.3390/polym12020475

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Generally, modulus and tensile strength would be improved with an increase in loading content of reinforcing fillers. The smaller fillers and better distribution/dispersion of fillers in composite matrix are also favored for mechanical enhancement [ 32 ]. It was reported that fillers with smaller size, specifically at the nanoscale, showed a better efficiency in improving modulus and tensile strength than those with a larger size, i.e., at the microscale [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Rubber Latex Foam Reinforced with Micro- and Nanofibrillated Cellulose via Dunlop Method

et al. 2020

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Natural rubber latex foam (NRLF) was reinforced with micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose at a loading content of 5–20 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) via the Dunlop process. Cellulose powder from eucalyptus pulp and bacterial cellulose (BC) was used as a microcellulose (MC) and nanocellulose (NC) reinforcing agent, respectively. NRLF, NRLF-MC, and NRLF-NC exhibited interconnected macroporous structures with a high porosity and a low-density. The composite foams contained pores with sizes in a range of 10–500 µm. As compared to MC, NC had a better dispersion inside the NRLF matrix and showed a higher adhesion to the NRLF matrix, resulting in a greater reinforcement. The most increased tensile strengths for MC and NC incorporated NRLF were found to be 0.43 MPa (1.4-fold increase) and 0.73 MPa (2.4-fold increase), respectively, by reinforcing NRLF with 5 phr MC and 15 phr NC, whereas the elongation at break was slightly reduced. Compression testing showed that the recovery percentage was improved to 34.9% (1.3-fold increase) by reinforcement with 15 phr NC, whereas no significant improvement in the recovery percentage was observed with MC. Both NRLF-MC and NRLF-NC presented hydrophobic surfaces and good thermal stability up to 300 °C. Due to their highly porous structure, after a prolong immersion in water, NRLF composites had high water uptake abilities. According to their properties, the composite foams could be further modified for use as green absorption or supporting materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Rubber Latex Foam Reinforced with Micro- and Nanofibrillated Cellulose via Dunlop Method

et al. 2020

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“…Several researchers have also reported the effect of fiber surface treatments on the water absorption of NF composites. 2,3,6,19,21–23,28,29,36…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sisal fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate composites; Fabrication, characterization and possible application

Gudayu

Steuernagel

Meiners

et al. 2022

Polymers and Polymer Composites

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The use of thermoplastics (TPs) for natural fiber composites is restricted to commodity ones like polypropylene and polyethylene However, using engineered TPs such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) will benefit from its technical and economic advantages. The research aims to characterize injection molded PET composites reinforced with sisal fibers treated differently. Polyethylene terephthalate composites containing 40 wt.% of untreated, alkaline-treated, and alkali/acetylation treated sisal fibers were prepared using compounding and injection molding processes and then characterized. It has been found that production of sisal-PET composites by compounding and injection molding has been shown to be possible. Thermal damage to sisal fiber was noticed during composite production. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis analysis, a net weight loss (excluding water loss) of 11.1%–14.0% was observed at the operating temperatures of the two processes. The addition of 40 wt.% of sisal to the PET matrix improved the tensile modulus by 137%. Further improvement by 179% was observed when alkali-treated sisal fiber was used. The combined alkali/acetylation treatment of sisal yields more enhancement by 233%. This is a significant advancement because modulus is the most influential parameter during the design and service of an engineering product. Generally, compared to the raw sisal composite (RSC) the interfacial, mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of the alkali treated sisal composite (Al-SC) and alkali/acetylated sisal composite (Al-ASC) specimens recorded an improvement. Relative to the natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites that were commercialized in the automotive industry, the produced sisal–PET composites resulted in a considerable improvement of 66.6%–190% in flexural strength and by 110.5%–410.0% in flexural modulus, depending on sisal fiber treatment and the composite to be compared. Thus, the studied composites can be recommended for various parts of automobiles.

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“…For example, the selection of the polymers—based on their chain length and molecular weight, functional groups and species, and so on)—and how the polymer chains interact with each other will have a notable impact on the morphologies and properties of the foams produced. For instance, in wood and plant stems, other natural functionally graded foam structures, the complex self-assembly and interaction of various polymer species (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and so on) lead to a beautiful hierarchical cellular structure, making it a model functionally graded material [ 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ]. Indeed, the minute changes in the polymer species, and their interactions and formations, lead to a wide variety of wood species in nature with a range of functional properties, including densities, strengths, and hardness [ 93 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 ].…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Research Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Processing Functionally Graded Polymer Foams

2020

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Polymer foams are an important class of engineering material that are finding diverse applications, including as structural parts in automotive industry, insulation in construction, core materials for sandwich composites, and cushioning in mattresses. The vast majority of these manufactured foams are homogeneous with respect to porosity and structural properties. In contrast, while cellular materials are also ubiquitous in nature, nature mostly fabricates heterogeneous foams, e.g., cellulosic plant stems like bamboo, or a human femur bone. Foams with such engineered porosity distribution (graded density structure) have useful property gradients and are referred to as functionally graded foams. Functionally graded polymer foams are one of the key emerging innovations in polymer foam technology. They allow enhancement in properties such as energy absorption, more efficient use of material, and better design for specific applications, such as helmets and tissue restorative scaffolds. Here, following an overview of key processing parameters for polymer foams, we explore recent developments in processing functionally graded polymer foams and their emerging structures and properties. Processes can be as simple as utilizing different surface materials from which the foam forms, to as complex as using microfluidics. We also highlight principal challenges that need addressing in future research, the key one being development of viable generic processes that allow (complete) control and tailoring of porosity distribution on an application-by-application basis.

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Fabrication of Porous Recycled HDPE Biocomposites Foam: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Contents and Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties

Cited by 21 publications

References 42 publications

Natural Rubber Latex Foam Reinforced with Micro- and Nanofibrillated Cellulose via Dunlop Method

Natural Rubber Latex Foam Reinforced with Micro- and Nanofibrillated Cellulose via Dunlop Method

Sisal fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate composites; Fabrication, characterization and possible application

Recent Progress in Processing Functionally Graded Polymer Foams

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