Water, Fog and the Size—distance Invariance Hypothesis

Ross, Helen E.

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1967.tb01087.x

Cited by 61 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The fact that relative visibility correlates with pictorial depth was established by findings from original studies on visual perception under water and on land showing that luminance contrast simulates the laws of aerial perspective (Ross, 1967). These observations were confirmed later by Egusa (1983) and Rohaly and Wilson (1991), who showed that the perceived depth of a given region within the visual field is, indeed, determined by the brightness of that region.…”

Section: The Role Of Luminance Contrast In Depth Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Interaction of color and geometric cues in depth perception: When does ?red? mean ?near??

Guibal

Dresp

2004

Psychological Research

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Luminance and color are strong and self-sufficient cues to pictorial depth in visual scenes and images. The present study investigates the conditions under which luminance or color either strengthens or overrides geometric depth cues. We investigated how luminance contrast associated with the color red and color contrast interact with relative height in the visual field, partial occlusion, and interposition to determine the probability that a given figure presented in a pair is perceived as ''nearer'' than the other. Latencies of ''near'' responses were analyzed to test for effects of attentional selection. Figures in a pair were supported by luminance contrast (Experiment 1) or isoluminant color contrast (Experiment 2) and combined with one of the three geometric cues. The results of Experiment 1 show that the luminance contrast of a color (here red), when it does not interact with other colors, produces the same effects as achromatic luminance contrasts. The probability of ''near'' increases with the luminance contrast of the color stimulus, the latencies for ''near'' responses decrease with increasing luminance contrast. Partial occlusion is found to be a strong enough pictorial cue to support a weaker red luminance contrast. Interposition cues lose out against cues of spatial position and partial occlusion. The results of Experiment 2, with isoluminant displays of varying color contrast, reveal that red color contrast on a light background supported by any of the three geometric cues wins over green or white supported by any of the three geometric cues. On a dark background, red color contrast supported by the interposition cue loses out against green or white color contrast supported by partial occlusion. These findings reveal that color is not an independent depth cue, but is strongly influenced by luminance contrast and stimulus geometry. Systematically shorter response latencies for stronger ''near'' percepts demonstrate that selective visual attention reliably detects the most likely depth cue combination in a given configuration.

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Section: The Role Of Luminance Contrast In Depth Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Interaction of color and geometric cues in depth perception: When does ?red? mean ?near??

Guibal

Dresp

2004

Psychological Research

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“…Distance perception underwater is typically overestimated relative to the same distances above ground (Luria and Kinney 1970;Luria et al 1967;Ross 1967). Researchers attribute this overestimation to optical factors such as reduced brightness contrast or seemingly increased aerial perspective.…”

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confidence: 99%

Action-Specific Effects Underwater

2011

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Action-specific effects on perception are apparent in terrestrial environments. For example, targets that require more effort to walk, jump, or throw to look farther away than when the targets require less effort. Here, we examined whether action-specific effects would generalize to an underwater environment. Instead, perception might be geometrically precise, rather than action-specific, in an environment that is novel from an evolutionary perspective. We manipulated ease to swim by giving participants swimming flippers or taking them away. Those who estimated distance while wearing the flippers judged underwater targets to be closer than did participants who had taken them off. In addition, participants with better swimming ability judged the targets to be closer than did those with worse swimming ability. These results suggest perceived distance underwater is a function of the perceiver's ability to swim to the targets.

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“…In this study, we investigated the perceived size and the perceived distance of virtual images in convex and plane mirrors. The perception of virtual images in mirrors is a sort of transformed vision that is comparable to vision under water (e.g., Adolfson & Berghage, 1974;Ono, O'Reiley, & Herman, 1970;Ross, 1968;Ross & Rejman, 1972;Vernoy, 1989;Vernoy & Luria, 1977) or to a specific optical device (e.g., Harris, 1965;Held & Gottlieb, 1958;Rock, 1966). However, interestingly enough, not much attention has been paid to mirror vision (Higashiyama, Yokoyama, & Shimono, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror vision: Perceived size and perceived distance of virtual images

Higashiyama

Shimono

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

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We investigated spatial perception of virtual images that were produced by convex and plane mirrors. In Experiment 1, 36 subjects reproduced both the perceived size and the perceived distance of virtual images for five targets that had been placed at a real distance of 10 or 20 m. In Experiment 2, 30 subjects verbally judged both the perceived size and the perceived distance of virtual images for five targets that were placed at each of five real distances of 2.5 -45 m. In both experiments, the subjects received objective-size and objective-distance instructions. The results were that (1) size constancy was attained for a distance of up to 45 m, (2) distance was readily discriminated within this distance range, although virtual images produced by the mirror of strong curvature were judged to be farther away than those produced by the mirrors of less curvature, and (3) the ratio of perceived size to perceived distance was described as a power function of visual angle, and the ratio for the convex mirror was larger than that for the plane mirror. We compared the taking-into-account model and the direct perception model on the basis of a correlation analysis for proximal, virtual, and real levels of the stimuli. The taking-into-account model, which assumes that visual angle is transformed into perceived size by taking perceived distance into account, was supported by an analysis for the proximal level of stimuli. The direct perception model, which assumes that there is no inferential process between perceived size and perceived distance, was partially supported by an analysis for the distal level of the stimuli.

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Water, Fog and the Size—distance Invariance Hypothesis

Cited by 61 publications

References 9 publications

Interaction of color and geometric cues in depth perception: When does ?red? mean ?near??

Interaction of color and geometric cues in depth perception: When does ?red? mean ?near??

Action-Specific Effects Underwater

Mirror vision: Perceived size and perceived distance of virtual images

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