Mirror vision: Perceived size and perceived distance of virtual images

Higashiyama, Atsuki; Shimono, Koichi

doi:10.3758/bf03194911

Cited by 30 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…One interesting finding is seemingly opposite to the plastic effect but is explainable in terms of the double locations of a reflected picture: When a reflected target is seen in a natural environment, it appears closer to the observer than does the directly observed target (Higashiyama & Shimono, 2004;Higashiyama, Yokoyama, & Shimono, 2001). In the mentioned studies, as is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Apparent depth of pictures reflected by a mirror: The plastic effect

Higashiyama

Shimono

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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We investigated the plastic effect in picture perception, in which the apparent depth of a picture is increased when it is reflected by a mirror. The plastic effect was well known in the mid-18th century, but very few studies have elucidated its nature. In Experiment 1, we examined how often the plastic effect occurs in different ocular conditions. A group of 22 observers compared directly observed pictures and their mirror-reflected images in each of freebinocular, free-monocular, and restrictive-monocular conditions. When the observers were forced to choose the picture that appeared greater in depth, 73 % of them chose the reflected pictures, regardless of oculomotor condition. In Experiment 2, we examined how often the plastic effect is detected as a function of observation time. When 22 observers compared a directly watched movie and its mirrorreflected movie for 5 min, the number of observers who judged the reflected movie to be greater in depth was about 55 % at the onset of the trial but was 86 % at the end. In Experiment 3, we examined transfer of the plastic effect. Ten observers judged the change in apparent depth of directly observed pictures after prolonged exposure to the same reflected or actual pictures. Transfer was confirmed and was greater for pictures that represented greater depth (r 0 .88). We suggested that the plastic effect is mainly induced by the double apparent locations of a reflected picture. From the long incubation time and the transfer to real pictures, we also suggested that it involves perceptual learning regarding visual skill.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Apparent depth of pictures reflected by a mirror: The plastic effect

Higashiyama

Shimono

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…People are accurate when they make judgments about the size of a material object starting from the corresponding reflection (Bianchi, Savardi, & Bertamini, 2008;Higashiyama, 2004;Higashiyama, Shimono, & Zaitsu, 2005;Jones & Bertamini, 2007). The situation is very different when judging the size of an image on the surface of a mirror: predictions of the size of the reflection of one's own head, of another person's head, or the size of a simple figure are, for example, biased (Bertamini & Parks, 2005;Lawson & Bertamini, 2006;Lawson, Bertamini, & Liu, 2007).…”

Section: Correspondence Of Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another aspect concerns the correspondence between the position occupied in space by an object or body and that of its reflection. It has been shown that people are reasonably accurate when they judge the orthogonal distance of an object from a flat mirror surface basing their assessment on its reflection (Higashiyama & Shimono, 2004). However, when lateral positions are involved they are less accurate.…”

Section: Correspondence Of Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences between predictions of how a reflection behaves based on the behaviour of an object, and how an object behaves based on the behaviour of its reflection

2015

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We studied adults' understanding of the relationship between objects and their reflections. Two studies investigated whether adults performed in a similar way when asked to predict the movement of a reflection in a flat mirror based on the movement of the corresponding object or, vice versa, predict the movement of the material object based on the movement of its reflection. We used simple movements in the experiments: movements in a straight line at various angles with respect to the mirror. Despite the simplicity of the task, some of the participants made incorrect predictions in a percentage of cases ranging from 0% to 54%, depending on the angle. Asymmetries between the two directions of prediction emerged, in particular in terms of types of error. Results confirmed a cognitive difference between deriving the reflected (virtual) world from the "real" (material) world and vice versa. In particular the expectation that something will be opposite in a mirror is more salient when people imagine how a reflection will be with respect to the material world rather than when they imagine how the material world will be with respect to a reflection.

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“…(cf. Baird and Biersdorf, 1967;Baum and Jonides, 1979;Da Silva and Fukusima, 1986;Higashiyama and Shimono, 1994;2004;Teghtsoonian and Teghtsoonian, 1969;Wagner, 1985). The precise value of the exponent varies widely across subjects as well as experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Perceptual distance and the constancy of size and stereoscopic depth

Kaufman

Noble

et al. 2006

Spatial Vis

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The relationship between distance and size perception is unclear because of conflicting results of tests investigating the size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH), according to which perceived size is proportional to perceived distance. We propose that response bias with regard to measures of perceived distance is at the root of the conflict. Rather than employ the usual method of magnitude estimation, the bias-free two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) method was used to determine the precision (1/sigma) of discriminating depth at different distances. The results led us to define perceptual distance as a bias free power function of physical distance, with an exponent of approximately 0.5. Similar measures involving size differences among stimuli of equal angular size yield the same power function of distance. In addition, size discrimination is noisier than depth discrimination, suggesting that distance information is processed prior to angular size. Size constancy implies that the perceived size is proportional to perceptual distance. Moreover, given a constant relative disparity, depth constancy implies that perceived depth is proportional to the square of perceptual distance. However, the function relating the uncertainties of depth and of size discrimination to distance is the same. Hence, depth and size constancy may be accounted for by the same underlying law.

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Mirror vision: Perceived size and perceived distance of virtual images

Cited by 30 publications

References 48 publications

Apparent depth of pictures reflected by a mirror: The plastic effect

Apparent depth of pictures reflected by a mirror: The plastic effect

Differences between predictions of how a reflection behaves based on the behaviour of an object, and how an object behaves based on the behaviour of its reflection

Perceptual distance and the constancy of size and stereoscopic depth

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