Water Extract of Rubus coreanus Prevents Inflammatory Skin Diseases In Vitro Models

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by immune hypersensitivity reaction. The cause of AD is unclear, but its symptoms have a negative effect on quality of life; various treatment methods to alleviate these symptoms are underway. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Rubus coreanus water extract (RCW) on AD. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoid content of RCW were 4242.40 ± 54.84 mg GAE/g RCE and 1010.99 ± 14.75 mg CE/g RCW, respectively. RCW reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species level and increased the action of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated HaCaT cells. Moreover, mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, was downregulated by RCW in the TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated cells. The levels of inflammatory chemokines (thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine; eotaxin; macrophage-derived chemokine; regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were decreased in the TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells after RCW treatment. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of filaggrin and involucrin, proteins that form the skin, were increased by RCW. Furthermore, RCW inhibited the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of the activated B cells pathway in the TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. Collectively, the present investigation indicates that RCW is a potent substance that inhibits AD.

Design and Evaluation of Paeonol-Loaded Liposomes in Thermoreversible Gels for Atopic Dermatitis

“…Since AD is the primary manifestation of type 2 inflammatory disorder in keratinocytes, it leads to the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells [ 60 , 61 ]. The skin is exposed to the environment, oxygen, and bacteria for a long time, which induces oxidative stress response.…”

Inhibitory effect of Sanguisorba hakusanensis Makino ethanol extract on atopic dermatitis-like responses in NC/Nga mice and human keratinocytes

“…However, Th1-mediated responses are more prominent in patients with chronic AD, with high IFN-γ secretion by Th1 cells playing a crucial role in the chronic AD response 5 , 53 . Th1 activation depends on IFN-γ-induced C-X-C chemokines such as IP-10, MIG, and I-TAC, which are secreted from the activated keratinocytes within AD skin lesions 53 , 54 . Their interactions with C-X-C chemokine receptor type (CXCR) 3 primarily occur on activated Th1 cells rather than on Th2 cells 44 , 53 , 55 .…”

“…IFN-γ/TNF-α co-stimulation increases the phosphorylation and activation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in HaCaT cells 57 . In keratinocytes, the MAPK cascade drives the production of chemokines, such as TARC, RANTES, eotaxin, IP-10, MIG, and I-TAC, through the regulation of several transcriptional factors, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and STAT1 54 , 57 , 58 . STAT1 is phosphorylated following stimulation with IFN-γ/TNF-α, translocated to the nucleus, and binds to target gene promoters, activating expression.…”