Water Challenges in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Dalai, Serjmyadag; Oyunbaatar, Dambaravjaa; Purevjav, Gomboluudev

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8947-3_20

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…To classify the streams, the Strahler method was employed, as illustrated in Figure 8 . According to this approach, a first-order stream originates at the highest elevation, while the confluence of two first-order streams results in a second-order stream; this classification continues down to the last stream in the watershed [ 11 , 18 ]. The existing stream network and DEM were overlaid on each other to investigate the elevation and the available drop along the stream bed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Hydropower Potential in Nepal’s Sunkoshi River Basin: An Integrated GIS and SWAT Hydrological Modeling Approach

Bhattarai,

Mishra,

Bhattarai

et al. 2024

Scientifica

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This study assessed the hydropower potential of a mountain watershed within the Sunkoshi River basin in Sindhupalchok, Nepal, utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) and the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) hydrological model. Topographical, soil, land use, meteorological, and discharge data were employed to assess the study area for the appropriateness of hydropower generation. SWAT was utilized to delineate the Sunkoshi basin into 23 distinct subbasins and involved the creation of a detailed river network, incorporating various hydrological attributes including stream links, stream order, stream length, and slope gradient. After that, it was employed to simulate river discharges within these subbasins. The Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Version 2 (SUFI-2) algorithm, integrated within the SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT-CUP), was employed to calibrate and validate the model. This step involved the adjustment of 25 selected parameters to enhance the model’s accuracy and reliability in representing the hydrological processes of the Sunkoshi basin. Model performance was assessed utilizing three well-established efficiency criteria: coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.79), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE = 0.73), and percent bias (PBIAS = 17.59). The study identified 36 sites across streams of order 3, 4, and 5 as having potential for hydropower generation. The hydropower potential at each identified site was evaluated using estimated stream flow and topographical head at various probability of exceedance (PoE) levels (40%, 45%, 50%, and 60%). The aggregate hydropower potential of the basin was quantified, yielding a potential of 371.30 MW at a 40% PoE. The findings suggest that an integrated approach combining SWAT-based hydrological modeling within a GIS can accurately assess a river basin’s hydropower potential and provide insights into further evaluation of the comprehensive environmental assessment of the fragile Himalayan watersheds.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Hydropower Potential in Nepal’s Sunkoshi River Basin: An Integrated GIS and SWAT Hydrological Modeling Approach

Bhattarai,

Mishra,

Bhattarai

et al. 2024

Scientifica

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“…It flows from east to west, covering central parts of Mongolia, and is the freshwater source for its capital, Ulaanbaatar. The TR watershed has 69% rainwater, 25% groundwater, and 6% snowmelt (Dolgorsuren et al 2012;Dalai et al 2019). The TR flows down to Ulaanbaatar from the mountain taiga and forest-steppe region.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of ecohydrological processes influencing water supplies in the Tuul River watershed of Mongolia

Norvanchig

Randhir

2021

Journal of Hydroinformatics

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Achieving sufficient water supplies for multiple uses in the watershed is a major public policy issue. Understanding the current ecohydrologic processes is essential to assess potential impacts on hydrologic regimes. The Tuul River (TR) watershed faces a cold, continental climate with water supply variability. This study aims to simulate watershed processes in the TR watershed and subbasins and analyze the influences of those processes on water resources. Watershed hydrologic processes and their impact on the water resources are modeled using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Calibration and validation were conducted using R2, PBIAS, RSR, and NSE to assess the effectiveness of the SWAT model to replicate annual, monthly streamflow values. The spatial and temporal variations in watershed processes are critical for water resource decisions. With increasing uncertainty and scarcity in water resources, simulation modeling is a valuable tool in watershed management in regions with water scarcity.

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“…Tariffs in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) rose for both water and wastewater at 15.7 and 23.4%, respectively, due to increasing electricity tariffs contributing to higher O/M costs (Dalai et al 2019). However, Ulaanbaatar is also preparing for a new water supply and wastewater recycling project funded by the US Millennium Challenge Corporation.…”

Section: Asia Pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of change in urban water and wastewater tariffs

Damkjaer

2020

H2Open Journal

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Water and wastewater tariffs constitute a primary avenue for utilities to generate revenue towards covering the costs associated with water and wastewater service provisions. In the pursuit of achieving global access to safe and affordable water and sanitation, utilities and governments play an important role in regulating and setting combined tariffs, so that they are able to fund the necessary infrastructure while at the same time ensuring that tariffs do not impede on the ability of consumers to access these services. From a survey of 568 cities across 192 countries, this paper examines the main economic and financial drivers of change to regional urban water and wastewater tariffs from 2018 to 2019. Historically, the average global price for water and wastewater services increased from US$ 1.70/m3 in 2011 to US$ 2.16/m3 in 2019, equating to an annual rise in the mean global combined water tariff of ∼3.4%. The analysis indicates that for the studied regions, the financial and economic costs associated with recurring droughts, old infrastructure, subsidy cuts, increasing energy costs and a shift to alternative water resources such as desalination all contribute to changes in tariffs. Further research on the social and political drivers of change in tariffs is needed, in order to provide a holistic understanding of the balance required to be struck between the objectives of affordability and cost-recovery for achieving global access to water and sanitation.

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Water Challenges in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Assessing Hydropower Potential in Nepal’s Sunkoshi River Basin: An Integrated GIS and SWAT Hydrological Modeling Approach

Assessing Hydropower Potential in Nepal’s Sunkoshi River Basin: An Integrated GIS and SWAT Hydrological Modeling Approach

Simulation of ecohydrological processes influencing water supplies in the Tuul River watershed of Mongolia

Drivers of change in urban water and wastewater tariffs

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