Water and Energy Nexus in China: Current Situation and Future Perspective in Energy Industry, Water Industry and Agriculture

Qiu, Guo Yu; Li, Wenjiang; Li, Linjun; Zhang, Qingtao; Yang, Ying

doi:10.4172/2090-4541.1000138

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…), are not completely known nor fully incorporated into planning. Additionally, the continued migration from rural to urban communities has implications for increased urban water demand that have comparatively higher associated energy for end-use [44]. Water reuse will also play an important role in meeting future water demandsparticularly in water-scarce regionsand energy implications will need to be better understood [45,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Intensity of Water End-Uses

Siddiqi

Fletcher

2015

Curr Sustainable Renewable Energy Rep

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Water end-use, in buildings, industrial facilities, and farms, often has the highest energy intensity. This review highlights key findings on energy intensity of water end-use in urban and agricultural sectors. In the domestic sector, energy used for water heating constitutes 14-25 % of total energy use in US households. Heat pumps for energy recovery from hot grey water in residential buildings, and micro-turbines operating from grey water in tall buildings, are being increasingly explored. In agriculture, groundwater pumping consumes most of the on-farm energy, and water-efficient pressurized delivery systems have higher energy consumption. Rainwater harvesting systems are being deployed in many regions. The energy intensity range for residential rainwater harvesting has been reported to be 0.6-5.3 kWh/m 3 in Australia. However, with improved pump efficiency, the intensity can be lowered to 1.5 kWh/m 3 , which would be less than other nonconventional sources such as seawater desalination or indirect potable reuse.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Intensity of Water End-Uses

Siddiqi

Fletcher

2015

Curr Sustainable Renewable Energy Rep

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“…Like the NRDC at a national level, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Development and Reform does have both the water and energy sectors under its overarching mandate; however, environment, water, and energy policy implementation are still tackled separately. To date, attention to the WEN has mainly been from academia, but there are still limited good quality data on the WEN-especially at a local level [87].…”

Section: Steering the Epi Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Level of Inter-Sectoral Policy Integration for Governance in the Water–Energy Nexus: A Comparative Study of Los Angeles and Beijing

et al. 2020

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As concerns around water scarcity and energy security increase, so too has interest in the connections between these resources, through a concept called the water–energy nexus. Efforts to improve the integration of water and energy management and to understand their cross-sector relevance are growing. In particular, this paper develops a better empirical understanding on the extent to which governance settings hinder and/or enable policy coherence between the water and energy sectors through a comparative analysis of two case studies, namely, Los Angeles County, California, the United States, and the city of Beijing, China. This paper examines the extent to which the institutional context enables policy coordination within (vertically) and between (horizontally) the water and energy sectors in Beijing and Los Angeles. To do so, we propose a framework for analyzing policy integration for the water energy nexus based on environmental policy integration (EPI). The results highlight the multiple and flexible approaches of EPI in nexus governance, not least with regards to horizontal and vertical policy integration, but also in terms of explicit (i.e., intended) and implicit (i.e., unintended) coordination. The level of nexus-focused policy integration is highly dependent on the motivation at the local context and the criteria to evaluate policy success in each sector.

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Relationship between Water Use and Energy Generation from Different Power Generation Types in a Megacity Facing Water Shortages: A Case Study in Shenzhen

Li¹,

Qiu

Yan

2022

Water

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Using less water to generate more power is a goal of the worldwide power industry, but this is difficult to achieve because of the lack of long-term, operational data-based studies. This challenge is especially severe for megacities facing water shortages. This study used long-term data (2005–2015) from Shenzhen, a megacity of over 20 million people that faces severe water shortages, to determine the relationship between water and energy for different types of power generation. It was found that power generation consumed huge amounts of water and that cooling water was the biggest water use category. Smaller power plants, such as the Yueliangwan power plant, which uses the closed cooling method, consume 2.36 million m3 of tap water per year, equivalent to the water supply of a small reservoir. However, larger power plants, such as the Mawan power plant and Dayawan nuclear power plant (using the open cooling method), use 0.92 and 3.42 billion m3 of seawater for cooling every year, respectively, equivalent to about 60% and 200% of the total annual water supply in Shenzhen, respectively. Therefore, large thermal power plants and nuclear power plants should be built in coastal areas with rich water resources rather than in arid or semi-arid areas. Additionally, the water use efficiency of nuclear power plants was found to be 0.22 m3/kWh, which was significantly lower than that of coal-fired power plants (0.10 m3/kWh) and gas-fired power plants (0.09 m3/kWh). Third, the water use efficiency of the closed cooling method was ten times higher than that of the open cooling method. Therefore, the closed cooling method is suitable for power plants constructed in areas without rich water resources. These results are useful for balancing the water and energy demands in the changing world.

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Water and Energy Nexus in China: Current Situation and Future Perspective in Energy Industry, Water Industry and Agriculture

Cited by 4 publications

References 36 publications

Energy Intensity of Water End-Uses

Energy Intensity of Water End-Uses

Assessing the Level of Inter-Sectoral Policy Integration for Governance in the Water–Energy Nexus: A Comparative Study of Los Angeles and Beijing

Relationship between Water Use and Energy Generation from Different Power Generation Types in a Megacity Facing Water Shortages: A Case Study in Shenzhen

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