Energy Intensity of Water End-Uses

Siddiqi, Afreen; Fletcher, Sarah

doi:10.1007/s40518-014-0024-3

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The US Department of Energy (USDOE 2012) published tables of energy intensities for water services in a few locations, and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI 2013(EPRI , 2009(EPRI , 2002 investigated typical energy intensities of certain processes in the urban water cycle. Plappally and Lienhard (2012) presented typical energy intensities for public supply, and Siddiqi and Fletcher (2015) focused on the energy consumed during end-use. A statewide study of Illinois water utilities (ISAWWA 2012) captured data from 44 water suppliers to inform energy-and cost-saving actions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Energy Requirements for Public Water Supply in the United States

Sowby

Burian

2017

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

National studies on drinking water systems’ energy requirements are sparse, and only limited empirical data have been available. This study adds considerable spatial and temporal detail to better characterize the requirements in the continental United States. Annual water use and energy use observations were collected from a panel of 109 water systems. The data show that the energy intensity of public water supply exhibits (1) an approximate log‐normal distribution; (2) regional patterns, with higher intensities in the western United States than the eastern United States; (3) significant interannual variations, with mixed increases and decreases; and (4) relationships to location, water source type, and system size that can be used to estimate energy intensities for other systems. Improved data collection is recommended. The data here contribute to several well‐documented research needs and will facilitate further study of the water–energy nexus with benefits to federal agencies, researchers, local water utilities, and national security practitioners.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Energy Requirements for Public Water Supply in the United States

Sowby

Burian

2017

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Water conservation is equivalent to energy conservation, taking Australia as an example, the water conservation in 2006/2007 by households led to a 15% reduction in energy use (Kenway et al , 2008). At the household level, water heating and cloth washing are the most energy-intensive uses, among which the energy used for water heating constitutes 14–25% of total energy consumption at domestic level (Siddiqi and Fletcher, 2015). Experiences from other countries suggest that water conservation at household level deserves great attention and is also where more WEN study is needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

Liu

Yang

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The water–energy nexus (WEN) is dynamic and complicated in megacities, most of which are challenged by water scarcity and the mandate to reduce energy consumption. A salient feature of water and energy services in megacities is that they are supported by a web of regional infrastructure, extending far beyond the geographic boundaries of the cities, resulting in a strong dependence on resources imported from outside. Understanding the WEN of megacities has implications not only for more efficient resource utilization but also for synergistic regional development and corporation. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the WEN of Beijing within and beyond its geographic boundaries. Results show that water for local internal energy production and transformation accounts for 220 million m 3 /year, or 5.6% of its total freshwater use in 2016, and the energy for local water abstraction, supply, and treatment is 3.06 billion kWh, accounting for 1.1% of its total energy consumption for the same year. The external water for “imported” energy is 290 million m 3 /year, 1.3 times of Beijing's freshwater use for internal energy. This means that more water for energy is consumed outside Beijing than that within Beijing. The energy for external water is negligible because the bulk of the water transfer into Beijing relies on gravity and because the energy for construction of the transfer infrastructure is not included. Analysis of the WEN revealed the contradiction between the two independently conceived policies of Beijing: to meet the “three-red-line” target in the water sector, recycled water and transferred water use will rise, making it more difficult to meet the carbon emission control targets. Therefore, adopting low energy intensity, nature-based water recycling is a wise policy choice.

show abstract

“…Since for smaller plants, such values are realistic too and as the ratio of the essential ions of sea water is nearly identical in all oceans, we can assume 4 kWh m −3 as a good estimate for the energy demand of the desalination of sea water in different locations [34][35][36][37][38]. The amounts of drinking water produced by the supply container per day are represented by the blue lines in Figures 4-8.…”

Section: Desalination Of Water By Reverse Osmosis (Ro)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of a Solar-Powered Multi-Purpose Supply Container

Peter

Schirmer

Lathan³

et al. 2022

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this article, the performance of a solar-powered multi-purpose supply container used as a service module for first-aid, showering, freezing, refrigeration and water generation purposes in areas of social emergency is analyzed. The average daily energy production of the solar panel is compared to the average daily energy demands of the above-mentioned types of service modules. The comparison refers to five different locations based on the Köppen–Geiger classification of climatic zones with the data for energy demand being taken from another publication. It is shown that in locations up to mid-latitudes, the supply container is not only able to power all types of modules all year round but also to provide up to 15 m3 of desalinated water per day for drinking, domestic use and irrigation purposes. This proves and quantifies the possibility of combining basic supply with efficient transport and self-sufficiency by using suitably equipped shipping containers. Thus, flexible solutions are provided to some of the most challenging problems humans will face in the future, such as natural disasters, water scarcity, starvation and homelessness.

show abstract

Energy Intensity of Water End-Uses

Cited by 18 publications

References 39 publications

Survey of Energy Requirements for Public Water Supply in the United States

Survey of Energy Requirements for Public Water Supply in the United States

The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

Performance Analysis of a Solar-Powered Multi-Purpose Supply Container

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About