Water analysis

Abstract

This review is produced from a search of the literature as performed with the DIALOG capabilities of Chemical Abstracts Service. The material covered in this particular review is a continuation of past reviews by the same authors and covers the period from September 1980 to October 1982 It is obvious that the level of activity in the publication of research results by analytical chemists and spectrographers in the steel industry is significantly reduced and directly reflects the malais that affects our industry. Without being overly critical, we will have approximately 300 less literature citations in this review as compared to the last one (448). ALUMINUMTotal trace aluminum was determined spectro hotometpriate dissolution steps as an Eriochrome Cyanine R complex (98), by using Chromazol KS as a color-forming agent (269), as a colored complex with salicylidene-o-aminophenol-4sulfonic acid (523), and with l-pheny1-2,3-dimethylpyrazolone-5-azopyrogallol (13).Low levels of A1 have been determined in high-and lowalloy steels and ferrovanadium by atomic absorption after separation from the matrix by electrolysis (94). The determination of acid soluble aluminum by AA continues to be a very popular method in the steel industry by virtue of its rapidity (51,76,511). Low concentrations were also determined in silicon steels by using electrothermal atomization (245). Direct injection of a dissolved steel sample into an AI-H flame has been reported (282).AA has not supplanted emission spectrochemical methods for this determination as they continue to be used for both soluble and insoluble aluminum determinations in steel (135,304). One method involves the premelting of a selected zone on a sample surface in an inert atmosphere so as to concentrate the insoluble aluminum inclusions in the surface of the remelted zone upon which the surface is mechanically removed and subsequently analyzed spectrally for the soluble portion (76). A design for an instrument has been claimed that eliminates anomalous emission spectrometric signals from aluminum inclusions, thus permitting the determination of acid-soluble A1 with high precision (452). rically in some unalloyed and low-alloyed steels a P ter appro-Various other procedures have been applied in a general way for the analysis of steel and related materials and include the use of lasers for localized sampling prior to spectral excitation (208,311), Grimm glow-discharge source excitation (466), ICP emission spectrometry (15,101), an acid dissolution, ignition, and NaF fluxing prior to dc arc excitation for stainless-steel analysis (299), and the use of dc plasma techniques for iron ores, sinters, and dust analysis (369).The accuracy of XRF spectrometry for determining A1 in low-alloy and stainless steels (at <0.1%) has reportedly been improved by adding granular FeZr to the molten metal during sampling (184). Conversely, a rapid and high percision XRF method for the determination of the A1203 content of steels has been described (317). Procedures for the routine XRF analysis of iron...

Chromium speciation analysis by solid-phase extraction on a high surface area TiO2

“…Speciation techniques based on the separation of different chromium species before detection possess the advantage of making possible the combination of selective with highly sensitive detection techniques. Although the detection limits of the combined technique can be improved by the preconcentration step, a serious drawback is the complex and timeconsuming sample pre-treatment, including solvent extraction, 11,12 coprecipitation, 13,14 electrochemical separation, 15 ion exchange [16][17][18][19] and solid-phase extraction. [20][21][22] Most methods of selective extraction are based on the extraction of Cr 6+ with chelating agents such as dithiocarbamates 23,24 or liquid ion exchangers, such as Amberlite IRA-400.…”

Use of high surface area TiO2 for preconcentration and following determination of Cr species by on-line flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

“…Traditional methods for the speciation of inorganic chromium are, however, relatively time-consuming, involving species separation based on solvent extraction [6,7], coprecipitation [8,9], electrochemical separation [10], ion exchange [11][12][13][14] and solid-phase extraction [15][16][17].…”

Industrial wastewater analysis by liquid chromatography with precolumn technology and diode-array detection

“…Recently, an on-line extraction and evaporation procedure was described for liquid chromatography (3), but this system seems to be rather complex. Nowadays, cleanup and trace enrichment via precolumn techniques is widely used in water (4) and biological (5)(6)(7) analysis. Although many sample pretreatments are still done with off-line disposable columns, the on-line techniques will be favored because of the automation aspect.…”