Wastewater Reuse

Ozonation treatment processes for the remediation of detergent wastewater: A comprehensive review

“…The combination of the reactions ( 20) and (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) give the overall of reaction (25) which shows that three ozone molecules will produce two hydroxyl radicals [77].…”

“…One of the major sources for water contamination originate from every growing world population and increasing amount of laundry wastewater [4]. The large discharge amount of laundry detergent wastewater in the range of 200 to 2,100 litres per day produced by domestic, industrial and institutional sectors [5][6][7] in the average daily discharge amount ranging from 200 to 2100 litres per day represents a potential renewable resource for water reuse on a variety of applications in the agriculture, industrial and urban sectors [8] supplementing the existing water shortages.…”

Potential Uses of Treated Municipal Wastewater in a Semiarid Region of Mexico

“…The guidelines proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) are included for comparison purposes. 3 Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture of the WHO. 4 Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture-FAO.…”

“…The utilization of treated wastewater implies benefits and risks as has been shown in many studies. These benefits include: reducing both stress on water bodies and pollution of freshwater [1]; decreasing fertilizer need since treated wastewater contains nutrients available for plants [2]; facilitating conservation and management of freshwater resources, thus increasing the availability of water for urban use [3] and improving economics since the price of treated water is generally lower than that of fresh water [4]. On the other hand, different risks have also been identified.…”

“…In irrigation applications, it causes accumulation of chemical and biological contaminants in soil, which affects both physicochemical and microbiological properties of the soil, and subsequently its productivity and fertility [5,6]; certain persistent pollutants could also enter the food chain through crops irrigated with treated water [5]. For some industrial applications, tertiary, and even quaternary, treatment processes should be included, thus increasing the complexity of the treatment systems and their operation [3,7,8].…”