“…Lignin, basically constituted by a random combination of three kinds of phenyl propane precursors ( p -coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl propane), is the largest renewable aromatic polyphenolic organic polymer compound on the earth. 32,33 Benefiting from its large content, low cost, abundant functional groups, environmental non-toxicity, and biodegradability, lignin is an excellent green and environment-friendly biomass material. 34,35 However, owing to its poor solubility, low reactivity, and heterogeneity, approximately 98% of lignin is underutilized, leading to a giant resource waste.…”