Waste Rubber Pyrolysis: Product Yields and Limonene Concentration

Januszewicz, Katarzyna; Kazimierski, Paweł; Suchocki, Tomasz; Kardaś, Dariusz; Lewandowski, Witold M.; Klugmann-Radziemska, Ewa; Łuczak, Justyna

doi:10.3390/ma13194435

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Whereas for NRG-L the compound started to vaporize early, at 3 min retention time, due to its lower molecular weight components. The presence of compounds such as limonene and dimethyl benzene is in agreement with the literature [ 13 ]. The long hydrocarbon chains (i.e., aliphatic and aromatic) were derived from the additive and thermal degradation process [ 38 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Both methods have been employed to recycle and upcycle the waste latex by decomposing them into several useful products, such as carbon black, oil, char, fuel and gas [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Pyrolysis for waste rubbers has been studied by many researchers, who have shown the compound mainly consists of hydrocarbon compounds (i.e., poly-isoprene (C 5 H 8 ) n ) [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Campuzano et al recently reported distillation of pyrolysis oil from waste tires.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waste NR Latex Based-Precursors as Carbon Source for CNTs Eco-Fabrications

et al. 2021

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In this work, the potential of utilizing a waste latex-based precursor (i.e., natural rubber glove (NRG)) as a carbon source for carbon nanotube (CNT) fabrication via chemical vapor deposition has been demonstrated. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis reveals that the separation of the lightweight hydrocarbon chain from the heavier long chain differs in hydrocarbon contents in the NRG fraction (NRG-L). Both solid NRG (NRG-S) and NRG-L samples contain >63% carbon, <0.6% sulfur and <0.08% nitrogen content, respectively, as per carbon-nitrogen-sulfur (CNS) analysis. Growth of CNTs on the samples was confirmed by Raman spectra, SEM and TEM images, whereby it was shown that NRG-S is better than NRG-L in terms of synthesized CNTs yield percentage with similar quality. The optimum vaporization and reaction temperatures were 350 and 800 °C, respectively, considering the balance of good yield percentage (26.7%) and quality of CNTs (ID/IG = 0.84 ± 0.08, diameter ≈ 122 nm) produced. Thus, utilization of waste NRG as a candidate for carbon feedstock to produce value-added CNTs products could be a significant approach for eco-technology.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste NR Latex Based-Precursors as Carbon Source for CNTs Eco-Fabrications

et al. 2021

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“…As observed in Table 3, the presence of limonene is higher in samples from truck tires, since it has a higher natural rubber content [8,61].…”

Section: Liquid Productsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Influence of Specific Power on the Solid and Liquid Products Obtained in the Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires

et al. 2022

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In this work, chemical recycling as an alternative to conventional end-of-life treatments was studied. Two different types of end-of-life tires (ELT), truck tires and mix tires (50:50 mixture of passenger car and truck tires), were pyrolyzed in a batch microwave reactor. The influence of specific power (10, 20, and 30 W/g) on mass distribution was analyzed. The maximum liquid yield was attained at 10 W/g, while the maximum gas yield is obtained at 30 W/g. Liquid fractions were characterized by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/qMS) to identify the main components, and major compounds were quantified. In all samples, limonene (3.76 ± 0.31–6.80 ± 2.37 wt. %) and BTEX (3.83 ± 0.20–1.19 ± 2.80 wt. %) were the main components. Major limonene concentration is obtained in oil produced from truck ELT while higher yields of aromatic compounds are obtained from mix ELT. The maximum BTEX concentration is obtained at 10 W/g being toluene the main compound with a concentration of 2.07 ± 0.42 and 4.63 ± 1.29 for truck and mix ELT, respectively. The separation and purification of these compounds will confer important value to these fractions. Higher yields of the solid fraction are produced when mix tires are pyrolyzed due to the higher concentration of ash in this type of ELT. Recovered carbon black was characterized by measuring the surface area.

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“…Py-GC chromatograms of the TRWPs separated from the RD2, RD3, and RD4 samples showed similar pyrolysis products, as shown in Figure 10 . The major pyrolysis products were isoprene and dipentene which are the key pyrolysis products of natural rubber (NR) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Since bus tire treads are mainly made of NR [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], the TRWPs should come from abrasion of bus tire treads.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification and Characterization of Tire-Road Wear Particles in Road Dust by Density

Jung

Choi

2022

Polymers

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Tire treads are abraded by friction with the road surface, producing tire tread wear particles (TWPs). TWPs combined with other particles on the road such as road wear particles (RWPs) and mineral particles (MPs), forming tire-road wear particles (TRWPs). Dust on an asphalt pavement road is composed of various components such as TRWPs, asphalt pavement wear particles (APWPs), MPs, plant-related particles (PRPs), and so on. TRWPs have been considered as one of major contaminants produced by driving and their properties are important for study on real abrasion behaviors of tire treads during driving as well as environmental contamination. Densities of the TRWPs are totally dependent on the amount of the other components deposited in the TWPs. In this study, a classification method of TRWPs in the road dust was developed using density separation and the classified TRWPs were characterized using image analysis and pyrolytic technique. Chloroform was used to remove APWPs from mixture of TRWPs and APWPs. TRWPs were found in the density range of 1.20–1.70 g/cm3. By decreasing the particle size of the road dust, the TRWP content in the road dust increased and its density slightly tended to increase. Aspect ratios of the TRWPs varied and there were many TRWPs with low aspect ratio below 2.0. The aspect ratio range was 1.2–5.2. Rubber compositions of the TRWPs were found to be mainly NR/SBR biblend or NR/BR/SBR triblend.

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Waste Rubber Pyrolysis: Product Yields and Limonene Concentration

Cited by 26 publications

References 25 publications

Waste NR Latex Based-Precursors as Carbon Source for CNTs Eco-Fabrications

Waste NR Latex Based-Precursors as Carbon Source for CNTs Eco-Fabrications

Influence of Specific Power on the Solid and Liquid Products Obtained in the Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires

Classification and Characterization of Tire-Road Wear Particles in Road Dust by Density

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